Death Penalty Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Death Penalty - Term Paper Example It was mostly used in the ancient times, although many countries still use capital punishment. It has not yet been proved whether administering death penalty is effective in deterring crime (Beck et al 2007 p. 66). There are many reasons why death penalty needs to be abolished. This paper is a critical evaluation of these grounds. Capital punishment does not deter crime where it does not take time to plan it. This is because for a crime that does not take some time for the criminal to plan the offence, considerations about the consequences of committing it are usually absent. It is therefore not likely to prevent such a person from engaging in crime. According to Charlie (2007 p. 68), â€Å"the criminal will most probably act upon the prevailing circumstances†. Crimes such as murder committed under such situations should not be subjected to capital punishment if it is meant to prevent people from committing such crimes. Lack of certainty that an individual is actually the one who committed a crime is usually a problem in many criminal justice systems. More often than not, people are punished because of crimes that they never committed. A good example is the case of many death row suspects who have been freed after the realization of their innocence. This means that many innocent people have been executed because they can not proof their innocence. The irreversibility of punishment through death becomes very painful especially if it turns out to have been meted out on a person due to improper criminal justice systems. At times a person may be executed by mistake, which becomes problematic when the real offenders are known (Michael and Clarissa 2006 p. 85) The feelings of desertion, fear and regret cause a lot of trauma and can have dire consequences on the relatives of the convict. In a religious point of view, it is apparent that doing something wrong to counter a crime does not

Deportation Law Problem Question Case Study

Deportation Law Problem Question Case Study Yes, if Mr. Adams accepts the offer and is faced with deportation, his likelihood of success on an ineffectiveness claim would depend on how easily the average criminal defense attorney could have determined that the crime to which he pled was a deportable offense. This scenario does not state what Mr. Adams is pleading guilty to. Under the immigration statute U.SC 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), states that any alien is deportable for anything related to a controlled substance unless it is for a person’s own use of thirty grams or less of marijuana. Mr. Adams declared that he wanted to understand the immigration consequences in order to decide whether to accept the plea. However, his attorney rejected to explain the immigration consequences himself and directed him over to an immigration clinic located in a law school where a student advises him that his crime has no deportation consequences. The reason that Mr. Adams would have success on an ineffectiveness claim due to how easily the average criminal defense attorney could have determined if the crime was deportable is because of the ruling in Padilla v. Kentucky. Padilla’s counsel gave the wrong advice about deportation which caused Padilla’s plea to automatically deport him. It was determined in the this case that Padilla’s attorney could have very easily confirmed that Padilla’s plea would automatically make him eligible for deportation by merely scanning the immigration statute on controlled substances. Likewise, in this particular case with Mr. Adams, his attorney could have simply read the same immigration statute and told Mr. Adams that his plea would automatically trigger deportation. The court in Padilla did acknowledge that immigration law is a very complex law and attorneys that are not well versed in it would perhaps not understand. However, they determined that when a law is succ inct and straightforward, the responsibility and obligation to give correct advice is clear and when the law is not clear or succinct the attorney, at the bare minimum, tell their client they may face deportation consequences. As a result, Mr. Adams has a good chance of success on an ineffectiveness claim against his attorney. The attorney could have easily read the immigration statute and told Mr. Adams that his plea would trigger deportation and Mr. Adams would have chosen another option rather than accepting the plea. Even if the law was not succinct or straightforward, the attorney still had the obligation to let Mr. Adams know that there were deportation consequences. Yes, along with question number one, Mr. Adams is guaranteed to succeed on his ineffectiveness claim. Strickland v. Washington, (466 U.S. 668, 1984) states that defendants are permitted to having the effective assistance of competent counsel. The Strickland case posed that to prove ineffectiveness of counsel the defendant must show that 1) performance of counsel was objectively unreasonable and 2) prejudice in the sense that counsels’ errors were serious enough that the defendant would not have pled guilty if given correct advice. The fact that in question one, Mr. Adams attorney could have clearly read the immigration statute and gave his client a clear answer clearly shows that the performance was objectively unreasonable. Secondly, the fact that Mr. Adams’ attorney could have conducted a brief web search of the immigration clinic and saw numerous complaints about the legal advice also shows his performance as counsel was unreasonable. When you put these two together, the counsels’ errors were serious enough that Mr. Adams would have never accepted the plea if he knew he would automatically be deported if he accepted it. Justice Rehnquist’s majority opinion rejected to extend its holding in Douglas. It was held that having a counsel appointed to a defendant is only mandatory on an appeal that is granted as of right, without needing consent of the appellate court. The court furthermore characterized the situation of a defendant at the trial and appellate stages of a proceeding. Counsel is only required when it is a matter of due process and it is the attorney for the state who is prosecuting a case. However, on appeal, the defendant is the one who is initiating the process of requesting review. The court additionally reminded that appeals are not required by due process. Furthermore, the court also affirms that there really is no need for appointed counsel during a discretionary appeal. The court explains by showing that on discretionary appeals, an indigent defendant has already had the help of a lawyer in organizing and preparing briefings during the first level of appeal. Therefore, the court says that those briefs are going to be used during the discretionary review. Secondly, the indigent defendant already has a transcript of the record in the trial court reproduced and thirdly, they could possibly have a decision recorded by the first appellate court that a greater court can use in order to review the issues at hand. With all this being said, the court says there is enough material to effectively and sufficiently guarantee that a review request by the greater court is meaningful. When it comes to the dissent in this case, Justice Douglas is joined by Justice Marshall and Justice Brennan. All three justices agree with Chief Judge Haynsworths opinion who believes that the most meaningful review of the defendant’s criminal conviction would be at the North Caroline Supreme Court. Thus, counsel is essential to the process. The dissenting justices, reviewing a conviction is of utmost important when it comes to fairness and it must require counsel assistance. They believe that all the briefings from the first appeal and all of the records do not address the issue that the Supreme Court has to resolve which is whether the particular case is worthy of review. The justices also believe that appointed counsel is essential at further appeal stage because arranging a petition of certiorari is very technical in nature and a indigent defendant will be particularly incapable to negotiate. Lastly, they assert that is would be tremendously easy to have the exact same ap pointed counsel from the earlier appeal to remain the defendants counsel in the later stages of appeal. As a result, Justice Douglas and the other would have ruled that the fairness of the due process clause and equal protection equality would demand appointed counsel in discretionary appeals. Overall, if Justice Rehnquist accepted the dissent’s view about relative need, he would not have to overrule Douglas v. California (372 U.S. 353, 1963). It states in Ross v. Moffitt that the fourteenth amendments’ due process clause does not require North Carolina to offer the defendant with an attorney on his discretionary appeal to the State Supreme Court. The Douglas issue was whether the assistance of counsel during the first appeal of right is a fundamental right in which they decided that indigent petitioners are indeed entitled to appointed counsel at the appellate level. However, the dissent in Ross v. Moffitt, (417 U.S. 600, 1974) by Justice Douglas, Brennan and Marshall are essentially arguing that there should be a right to appointed counsel beyond the first appeal as of right. Thus, Justice Rehnquist accepting the dissent does not necessarily mean he would have to overrule Douglas v. California, (372 U.S. 353, 1963) but to go ahead and extend the ruling to h aving an appointed counsel beyond the first appeal as of right. The courts holding in Mr. Goodbars’ case is supported by Strickland v. Washington, (466 U.S. 668, 1984). In the Strickland case, in order to achieve relief due to ineffective assistance of counsel, a criminal defendant has to pass a two prong test about his/her counsels’ assistance during the proceeding. The first test has to show that their counsels’ performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. The second test has to show that the counsels’ lacking performance gives a rational likelihood that, if counsel had performed effectively, the result of the proceeding would have been different. In this particular case, Mr. Goodbar did not show any proof of his counsel doing anything unreasonable or omitting something that should have been said or shown during the proceeding. He is merely presenting the court with a copy of a study that determined that indigents charged with non-capital murder in Philadelphia between 1994- 2005, had a lesser chance of receiving a life sentence if they were represented by a public defender than assigned counsel. Just presenting a study does not show in any way that counsel was ineffective in his/her assistance. Strickland v. Washington (466 U.S. 668, 1984) clearly states that if a defendant wants to prove an ineffectiveness claim they must have proof of counsels’ inadequate performance and because of that inadequacy the result would have been different. Therefore, without proof of being deprived of effective assistance to counsel, the courts holding will stand accordingly.

Criticism of Religion in Voltaire’s Candide Essay -- Candide essays

Criticism of Religion in Voltaire’s Candide In his novel Candide, Voltaire often criticized religious beliefs of the times. His criticism of religion surfaces throughout the entire story. The kindness of the Anabaptist that Candide met showed the silliness of religious prejudices. The old woman's story of her father, Pope Urban X, and the life of wealth she lived as a child shows the corruption of the Catholic clergy. Finally, the conversation Candide and Cacambo had with the old man in Eldorado shows the benefits of a simple religion, a contrast of the European religions of the time. During the eighteenth century, the Anabaptists were often persecuted and hated because of their radical religious beliefs. Voltaire attacked this custom with his description of the kindness of an Anabaptist by the name of James. Candide found himself in Holland, a Christian country, with no food or work, so he asked one of the Protestant citizens for some bread. After Candide did not admit that the pope was the antichrist, the Protestant yelled at him, "You don't deserve to eat... go you scoundr...

Patriot Act

Part I Summarize the U. S. Patriot Act. The U. S. Patriot Act was developed to expand the intelligence gathering powers and increase responsibilities at all levels of law enforcement in response to the September 11 terrorist attacks. It became apparent that law enforcement at the Federal, state, and local levels needed to work more closely. Much of the local governments were not equipped with adequate resources or the necessary training to assist in preventing terrorist attacks and responding to them.Congress recognized these weaknesses at the local levels, as well as the lack of a coherent flow of information between Federal agencies, the flow of information from Federal agencies to state governments, and the subsequent flow of information to local level governments. Within only weeks of September 11, the U. S. Patriot Act was passed with an unprecedented bipartisan support. (Doyle, 2002) The USA Patriot Act serves as an acronym for it â€Å"Uniting and of Strengthening of America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism† and is organized into ten titles.Title I enhances domestic security against terrorism and presidential authority. Title II enhances surveillance procedures. Title III incorporates the International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-Terrorist Financing Act of 2001. Title IV addresses protecting the border. Title V removes obstacles to investigating terrorism. Title VI addresses providing for victims of terrorism, public safety officers, and their families. Title VII increases information sharing for critical infrastructure protection. Title VIII strengthens the criminal laws against terrorism.Title IX improves intelligence, and Title X is reserved for miscellaneous regulations. (Horowitz, 2002) The Department of Justice claims that the Patriot Act has played a crucial role in many of the successful operations to prevent terrorist attacks on domestic soil. By taking the legal principles that were alre ady in existence, Congress reorganized them in such a way that would improve counterterrorism efforts overall. Using tools that were previously available in organized crime and drugs trafficking investigations, the Act permits law enforcement to conduct electronic surveillance against more crimes of terror.Through enhanced electronic surveillance capabilities, Federal agents are able to better track highly sophisticated terrorists and conduct investigations without alerting terrorists to the operation. Federal agents are now able to seek court orders to obtain business records relevant to the National Security terrorism cases. (Department of Justice) These are some of the more controversial provisions contained within the Patriot Act, and as such these provisions require renewals and congressional oversight.The Patriot Act slashed many of the legal barriers that previously prevented Federal, state, and local entities from sharing information and coordinating efforts in the preventio n and identification of terrorist plots. Without the ability to coordinate and share information amongst all government agencies, there is a much greater chance that critical intelligence could be overlooked. Allowing for enhanced sharing and cooperation greatly increases the likelihood that government agencies can ‘connect the dots’ and have a clear and full understanding of terrorist plots and disseminate these plots prior to an attack.The Regional Information Sharing System (RISS) is a nationwide police investigative network that can now be used in law information sharing as it relates to terrorist activities as a result of the Act. Border patrols were increased as well as monitoring of foreigners within the United States. There are a number of provisions included to prevent alien terrorists from entering the United States, and to enable authorities to detain and that support alien terrorists and those who support them, and to provide humanitarian immigration relief for foreign victims of the as September 11 attacks. White, 2004) Federal law enforcement can now also communicate with banking regulators in relation to terrorist financing and money laundering, and the Act further provides for arrest powers outside of American borders for these activities. The authority of the secretary of the treasury was expanded to regulate the activities of domestic financial institutions and their international relations. (Doyle, 2002) A multitude of new money laundering crimes and amendments increasing penalties to earlier crimes now exist. Reporting requirements of suspicious transactions by securities and brokers have been strengthened.The act created two types of forfeitures and modifies several confiscation procedures, where all of the property of an individual or entity that participates or plans an act of domestic or international terrorism can be seized. (Department of Justice) Until the act was put into place, laws were not reflective of current techn ologies and threats. The search warrant process became far more streamlined, allowing Law enforcement officials to obtain search warrants in any jurisdiction in which a terrorist associated activity took place, irrespective of where the warrant is executed.Another major update to the laws included considering computer hackers the same as a physical trespasser, which permits victims of computer hacking to seek assistance from law enforcement officials. (Department of Justice) The Patriot Act significantly increased the punishment that would result for those who commit or aid in terrorist crimes. The harboring of terrorists became prohibited; crimes that are likely to be committed by terrorists have increased penalties, conspiracy penalties have been enhanced, and punishment against terrorist attacks on mass transit systems and bioterrorists.The act also eliminates the statutes of limitations for various terrorist crimes and lengthens them for other terrorist crimes. (Department of Ju stice) The penalties for counterfeiting, cyber-crime, and charity fraud were also increased. The warrants for information in terrorist cases have also been increased. (White, 2004) Although there has been overwhelming support for the Patriot Act, some opposition exists. Those who are in support feel that the ability to respond to terrorism will be strengthened through the creation of an all-encompassing intelligence community.Those who are in opposition believe that the law is too intrusive and attacks civil liberties, specifically with regard to the sharing of non-criminal intelligence during criminal investigations. Opponents also express discontent in increasing government power to monitor its own citizens. Some opponents have gone so far is to say that portions of the patriot act are unconstitutional. Other areas of concern as they relate to the patriot act include whether Federal response should be centralized or localized. (White, 2004) These initial controversies continue to exist, and arguably will continue to exist for many decades to come.NPR News examined some of the most controversial provisions during the 2006 renewals of provisions due to expire. These provisions included areas of information sharing, roving wiretaps, access to records, foreign intelligence wire taps in searches, sneak and peek warrants, and material support. (Abramson, 2006) References Abramson, L. (2006, Feb 14). The patriot act: key controversies. Retrieved from http://www. npr. org/news/specials. patriotact. patriotactprovisions. html A master plan for homeland security. (2002, Jul 17). New York Times. Retrieved from http://ezproxy. bellevue. edu:80/login? url=http://search. proquest. om/docview/432132148? accountid=28125 Cienski, J. (2002, Jul 17). U. S. to adopt terrorists’ strategies: Homeland security: ‘red teams’ to search for weaknesses in country’s defence. National Post. Retrieved from http://ezproxy. bellevue. edu:80/login? url=http://searc h. proquest. com/docview/330007852? accountid=28125 Department of Justice. Highlights of the USA patriot act. Retrieved from http://www. justice. gov/archive/ll/highlights. htm Doyle, C. (2002, Apr 18). The USA patriot act: a sketch. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Retrieved from http://www. fas. org/irp/crs/RS21203. pdf Hall, M. (2002, Jul 17).Homeland security strategy lays out ‘lines of authority’ ; officials say plan will cost billions. USA TODAY. Retrieved from http://ezproxy. bellevue. edu:80/login? url=http://search. proquest. com/docview/4 08892001? accountid=28125 Horowitz, R. Summary of key sections of the USA patriot act of 2001. Retrieved from http://www. rhesq. com/Terrorism/Patriot_Act_Summary. pdf Office of Homeland Security. (2002, Jul). National strategy for homeland security. Retrieved from http://www. ncs. gov/library/policy_docs/nat_strat_hls. pdf White, J. (2004). Defending the homeland: domestic intelligence, law enforcement, a nd security. CA: Wadsworth

Concepts of Family Nursing Theory

Nurses hold a unique position among health care professionals in terms of prolonged proximity to patients during a stay in hospital or while a person with a long-term health problem is being cared for at home. In contemporary context it is necessary to address the needs of the families whose lives may be irrevocably changed by the illness of one member. As Friedman (1992:29) put it: â€Å"The psychosocial strains on a family with a member suffering a chronic or life-threatening condition can rival the physical strains on the patient.† However, it is not only in relation to chronic illness and disability that families may stand in need of help. The family developmental life cycle involves natural transitions which may create considerable stress. One example might be a woman trying to deal with an adolescent son who is engaging in risk-taking with drugs and alcohol, to protect her younger son from his brother’s influence, to persuade her busy husband to give more attention to his family while providing some support for her mother who is caring for an increasingly frail husband. There is potential for conflict in all of these relationships as family members attempt to balance their own needs with those of other members of the family, and of the family as a unit. Such family tensions are likely to influence the health and well-being of each family member, and their ability to deal with unanticipated events such as accidents or unemployment. Wherever families are struggling to maintain or restore equilibrium, to find ways of coping effectively with crisis or with long-term stress, nurses may find themselves in a supportive role. Frude (1990) identifies that in the literature on families some authors focus upon individuals and regard other members as being the social context of the person. Other authors look at the family unit as a whole with individual members as parts of the whole. This distinction is pertinent to discussions on family nursing. Currently nurses and their colleagues see it as both legitimate and important to take into account the family context of their patients or clients. Much more discussion and collaboration takes place with relatives than in the past. Nurses in some specialties, for instance community nursing, pediatrics or psychiatric nursing, might argue that because of the nature of their work they have always been concerned with the family of the particular client or patient. From the contemporary perspective, it is useful to be aware of how family composition is changing in order to have a mind to the wider context of society as a whole. It is possible to be under the impression that the family today is in terminal decline if all that one reads in the popular press is to be believed. A closer look behind the headlines reveals that what is understood to be under threat is the traditional two biological parent household with dependent children, the nuclear family. It is increasingly apparent that a growing minority of children will experience life in a family that is headed by a lone parent, usually the mother, before they reach adulthood. A popular misconception is that the majority of these mothers are single women. Their numbers are growing faster than other groups, the figures for which seem to have established at the end of the 1990s, but divorced, separated and widowed mothers still constitute the majority. In addition, the divorce rate in remarried couples remains higher than for the general population. There are many factors involved in this but the additional stresses of a reconstituted family may make them more vulnerable to breakdown, for instance the parent-child bond predating the marital bond can lead to step-parents competing with their children for primacy with their spouse. Dimmock (1992) notes that too often the blended family is cast in the mould or ideal of the nuclear family. Indeed, many of those involved are keen to view it in that light. Remarried families can often be struggling with unresolved emotional issues at the same time as coping with family transitions. Dimmock (1992) also indicates that society offers the choice of two conceptual models, that of the nuclear family or the wicked step-parent (mostly stepmothers) of fairy tales. The family nursing model allows accommodation of a family with less rigid boundaries. A nurse, perhaps in the role of health visitor, with an understanding of family systems and family nursing could provide valuable support and help for these families to work through some of the issues involved. There is another group of families which is becoming more prominent, particularly in the United States. Lesbian and gay parenting is currently a topic of hot interest as our society struggles to decide whether it will move forward on human rights issues or attempt to retrench and move back into a mythical past of â€Å"family values.† Increasingly in the US this is an area of interest and debate, especially as reproductive technologies have advanced so that it is possible for the lesbian woman to contemplate pregnancy without a male partner. Gay men wishing to raise a family are also becoming a focus for media interest and debate in this country. The impact of AIDS and HIV infection has also highlighted issues concerning next of kin with gay men, particularly within the health service and in legal terms. This demonstrates the appropriateness of accepting the notion that, from a nursing perspective, the family is who the individual identifies, although it may not necessarily conform to biological or legal ways of thinking. From the personal viewpoint, the strongest argument for the appropriateness of family nursing in the United States now is the massive shift of care from hospitals and institutions to the community. Patients in hospital are more acutely ill, with resultant stress for families who need support. In the community families are in the first line of caring for individuals with intractable, often severe, health problems. At the same time, the purpose of nursing is to provide care for those with continuous needs in partnership with people and with other organizations. Therefore, I totally agree with the purpose of family nursing described by Hanson (1987:8) which is to promote, maintain, and restore family health. Moreover, family nursing is concerned with the interactions between the family and society and among the family and individual family members. References Dimmock, B. (1992) A child of our own, Health Visitor, 65, 10:368-370 Friedman, M.M. (1992) Family nursing: Theory and practice, 3rd edn, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange. Frude, N. (1990) Understanding family problems: A psychological approach, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Hanson, S.M.H. (1987) Family nursing and chronic illness, in Wright, L., Leahey, M. (1987) Families and chronic illness, Pennsylvania: Springhouse.

Reedsy Learning The 5-Minute Publishing School

Reedsy Learning The 5-Minute Publishing School Introducing Reedsy Learning: The Five-Minute Publishing School â€Å"Once you stop learning, you start dying,† a great man with a mustache once said. And while I’m sure most of us agree with the sentiment, our hectic modern lives often leave us with little time to expand our knowledge. That is, of course, until now.Today, the team here at Reedsy is proud to unveil Reedsy Learning - a series of short publishing courses designed to help you learn more about writing, publishing, and marketing amazing books†¦ five minutes at a time.Learn how to publish over a cup of coffeeCreated by some of the best professionals in the industry, each course lasts just 10 days, with a new lesson arriving in your inbox every morning. These fun-sized knowledge nuggets can be absorbed in less than 5 minutes - perfect to enjoy on your morning commute or over a cup of coffee.And did we mention it’s FREE? Free online courses in writing, publishing, and marketing books! #ReedsyLearning What would you like to learn this week?As of this post, Reedsy Learning has launched with ten fascinating courses.Want to find out more about traditional or self-publishing? We have a bunch of courses to choose from. Need to get your rear into gear and grind out  that first book? Writing coach Jennie Nash has written a course  to educate and inspire you. Selling your book on the Kindle Store? This free course will teach you how Amazon’s Ranking Algorithms work and how you can use them to your advantage.At the end of each course, we’ll send you an online quiz, designed to help you retain all that precious knowledge you’ve accumulated.Get started right nowTo start, just pick any topic and you’ll receive your first lesson the next day. But don’t get too greedy - you can only register for one course at a time. That way, you won’t overload yourself and start ‘skipping class’ after a few days 😉At the end of your ten days, let us know what you think. We’re always looking to improve the courses, so we’re relying on your help!What subjects would you like to see covered on Reedsy Learning? Let us know in the comments below, and we’ll do our level best to make it happen for you.

Nike essays

Nike essays In 1958 the beginning of NIKE Inc. came about when Coach Bill Bowermen and business student Phil Knight, both from the University of Oregon, felt the need for a better athletic shoe. Through Bowermens athletic experience and Knights business background they designed and tried to sell their model of the perfect running shoe. None of the major companies trusted the engineering or demand for the new sneaker and therefore would not manufacture the item. In 1964 Bowerman and Knight used their own money to start Blue Ribbon Sports company. They convinced Onitsoda Tiger to manufacture their sneakers, which they sold from their cars at track meets. Four years later Blue Ribbon Sports was changed to, the now famous, NIKE, which was named for the Greek Goddess of victory. In that same year, the NIKE "swoosh" logo was designed by Carolyn Davidson, for which she was then paid only $35. The time came when the owners decided that NIKE could survive on its own. NIKE separated itself from Onitsoka Tiger in 1972. It was in this year that NIKE convinced Olympic marathon runners to wear NIKE sneakers for their Olympic event. Later, NIKE was able to brag that their sneakers won four of the top seven places in this event. The following year, NIKE designed the waffle sole sneaker which was worn by elite runners around the world. The 1980s led to a new era of NIKE sneakers. The popularity of running was declining rapidly and, therefore, NIKE expanded into a new domain. With endorsements by Michael Jordan and other professional athletes, new lines of sneakers, such as Air Jordans and the Cross Trainer, became available in the market. One of the most influential advertising schemes for NIKE Inc. was the "Just Do It" campaign which took effect in 1988. In the turn of the next decade, NIKE began to expand to more than just sneakers. In 1992, the first two NIKE concept shops were created, including Niketo ...

8 Things People Decide Within Seconds of Meeting You

8 Things People Decide Within Seconds of Meeting You Within a couple of seconds of meeting you, someone instantly judges you.   First impressions are real and it contributes towards the way someone perceives  you. In that moment they decide if they like you or they don’t. So how do you give the best first impression? What are traits that people automatically can tell about you? Here are 8 things people decide within seconds of meeting you.  Source [Business Insider]

Search and Seizures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Search and Seizures - Essay Example In Mapp V Ohio,2 the court held that this constitutional duty applies against both the state and the Federal government. It does this by prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures from being conducted by federal and state law enforcement agencies. A search is an infringement of the right to privacy while seizures interfere with the possessory rights of the individuals, including right to property ownership. The Fourth Amendment permits reasonable searches and seizures. For a search to be legally carried out, it is subject to the proviso that a search warrant has to be issued by a judge. An application for search warrant has to be supported by an oath or affirmation, and to specifically state the place to be searched or the things or persons to be seized. For the judge to issue a search warrant, he must satisfy himself that there is a probable cause, that is, reasonable cause to believe that the law enforcement agencies can find evidence of commission of a crime. Nevertheless, suc h a search has to be individualized, targeting individuals and not generalized. There are exemptions for the warrant requirements as far as entry into private residences by police is concerned. To begin with, if the owner of the residence consents, such entry shall not be illegal under the fourth amendment because of absence of a warrant. However, such warrant must be given voluntarily, and be unequivocal and specific. Consequently, consent obtained by duress or coercion fails this criterion. The person who gives the consent has to be the owner of the residence. Similarly, a third party can give the consent for the law enforcement agencies to search a house or premises subject to the proviso that they own or lawfully occupy such premises. In Georgia v. Randolph,3 the court held that where the residents are two and both are present, if one of them objects to consent while the other consents, the objection by one of them shall override the consent. To add, an officer can enter a priva te house or residence without warrant, in times of emergency. The search however shall be subject to the existence of exigent circumstances and the law enforcers must have a probable cause. Such a circumstance shall exist where a law enforcement agent needs to take a compelling action but lacks the required time to acquire a warrant. In Mincey V Arizona,4 the court stated that, â€Å"we hold a reasonable, and warrantless search of the scene of a homicide, or of a serious personal injury with likelihood of death where there is reason to suspect foul play-does not violate the fourth amendment of the United States Constitution where the law enforcement officers were illegally on the premises in the first instance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Nevertheless, for such a search to be reasonable within the Fourth Amendment it has to be limited to the purpose of only determining the circumstances of death and the scope must never exceed what is necessary to fulfill that purpose. In addition, it must commen ce within reasonable period following the time when the officials learn of the murder. Evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendm

Demilitarization of Police during War Period Essay

Demilitarization of Police during War Period - Essay Example Having followed keenly the events that occurred in Ferguson after the brutal shooting of the innocent Michael Brown, it dawned on me that the concept of the militarization of the police should be rethought. Therefore, I fully concur with Senator Paul Rand for advocating for the demilitarization in his article dubbed ‘We Must Demilitarize the Police.’ I would like to begin by strongly condemning the tendency of heavily armed police officers across the country. It is a high time the American nation become a peaceful and orderly place to live in. As Senator Rand exclaims, it is not justified to arm the police officers with crude weapons like M14, Kevlar Vests, shotguns, Helmets, M16a, pistols, armored trucks, camouflage, rifle assemblies, automatic rifles, rifle conversion kits, magazine cartridges, mine-resistant vehicles, tear gas and military shirts (Kraska, 2000). To anyone who knows the peace process, these are not weapons to be used for the protection of the citizens. By availing them to the police force, it means that the government is having ill intentions that it is hiding. Therefore, I support the senator for fiercely condemning such acts and advocating for the demilitarization process. The action of the police officers in Ferguson demonstrated how harmful and destructive the militarized police force can be. Even if people were demonstrating to protest the death of Brown, it was not fair for them to be mishandled by the militarized police officers who were obviously not interested in protecting, but terrorizing them. By carrying such crude weapons and cordoning off the remote areas of Ferguson, it is arguable that the police were not considering these people should be offered any protection. Instead, it seems that they had declared them as people to be occupied. Thus, their plea for surrender and retreat could not yield many fruits. So, as the senator puts it, the attack on harmless citizens who were merely expressing their  fury over the death of one of their own was a sign of bad police force.

Governmental Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Governmental Accounting - Essay Example A decrease in the pension plan funding implies the plan’s liabilities are more than the assets. In the short term the funds may get sufficient contributions and revenues to meet the requirement for paying scheduled benefits but this may only take some years. This may not take long and so In the long run the pension must eventually address the shortfalls. This will mean the pension plans seek more funding in order to cater for the surplus in liabilities and this most probably is in the form of increased contributions by the government. An increase in contributions by government would mean either an increase in taxes or reduction of services by the government to the citizens (Elmendorf, 2011). 2. A city manager was overheard saying, "Since we dont release them to the public, I dont see any value in taking the time to prepare interim reports." Explain why you agree or disagree with this statement. Companies prepare financial reports and issue to the public, creditors and investors in order to give a picture of the firm’s financial position and performance for specific periods. The reports therefore in my opinion give very useful information for persons external to the company; the reports generally show profitability, asset & debt positions, revenues, usage of cash as well as what the owners have invested over the period. Interim reports are prepared for time spans less than a year and can be used temporarily to analyze the firm’s financial standing until that time when consolidated yearly statements are made available. The reports are produced on a quarterly or semi-annual basis though some firms commonly give monthly reports to their creditors for purposes of securing loans. As such therefore the interim reports may not be required for reporting purposes but are important to investors, public, suppliers and more importantly banks for credit scoring reasons. I do not agree with the statement for the reasons stated above and the fact that

Veolia Environment and Global Compact Principle Assignment - 3

Veolia Environment and Global Compact Principle - Assignment Example Veolia Water has developed many strategies to deal with environmental issues. Veolia Water has prepared innovative systems such as wireless meter reading which can monitor the water consumption and control the wastage of water. The good performance of Veolia Environment ensures that it is well positioned towards making recommendations to Local Network (Howard & Mas 2005). Veolia Environnement has played an active role in fighting against the GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emission and has successfully reduced the direct emission. Veolia Environnement converts fossil energy into thermal energy. Veolia Environnement is striving to improve the efficiency of energy facilities. It has developed waste to energy process and decreased usage consumption. It has evaluated the design of the system to recover energy in electric buses and tramways. The company created a modeling tool which enumerates the air renewal rate in a refrigerating warehouse and also can regulate cold air generation according to th e requirement. Veolia Environnement had developed projects to improve the maintenance of water supply systems that can prevent the leakage of water and also reduce the energy consumption related to excess–production of drinking water. In the year 2006, Veolia Environnement developed a custom-built ‘Pilot Biomass Boiler’. The main aim of this machine is to evaluate the energy and environmental relevance of different biofuels. The ‘Pilot Biomass Boiler’ has the capacity of producing warm water for approximately 40 families. The local network can be benefitted by the various solution of Veolia Environment regarding drinking water and GHG emission (Veolia Environnement Research & Development 2008). Veolia Environnement is the only company which can deal with solid as well as liquid, hazardous and nonhazardous waste. It offers an effective solution for the collection of waste, treatment, and recovery. It services produce electricity and heat from non†“recyclable waste. Its energy recovery plants and landfills can produce renewable energy which can decrease the requirement of fossil fuel for producing electricity. Over the years, Veolia Environnement developed ‘new solutions’ in order to produce bioenergy, and biogas which can be generated by waste fermentation. Veolia can also transform and recycle the cooking oil into biofuel which can be used as industrial production. The biogas which is derived from waste can fulfill the energy need of people and industry. Veolia can provide energy through the removal of waste in local networks which can fulfill the energy needs as well as purify the environment through decreasing the waste (Veolia Environnement Communication Department 2009). Veolia Environnement’s wastewater treatment focuses on to evade water contagion, combat the deterioration in ecological balances and meet the requirement of fresh water (Veolia Water 2010). Veolia Water recycles the wastewater from sewage plants. It supports as well as produces and operates the widest possible range of water solution for people needs. Veolia’s recycling of water involves elucidation, bio cure, filtration, membrane, disinfection, and wastewater recovery installation.

Education in soviet Ukraine in the post-world war 2 Essay

Education in soviet Ukraine in the post-world war 2 - Essay Example Then the Ukraine’s People’s Republic was under the control of Soviet and then Ukraine Soviet Socialist Republic was formed. It was to become one of the establishing Republics of the Soviet Union. The 2nd world war that lasted for 60 long years and as a result had a drastic effect i.e., there was so many calamities across around the world, especially it was the nuclear weapons which used by US on Hiroshima, Japan. After the World War II, Ukraine’s history in the 20th century had witnessed the burden of a tyrannous Soviet government, Nazi’s attacks and the ruling of Stalin. In 1991, it was the end for the Soviet Union; Ukraine became an independent and reforming a new statehood that entered into the 19th century. The decades of enmity between Russia and Ukraine, it used this opportunity to conquer the nation. Ukraine has developed a varied economy with the technology and manufacturing sector and the aviation force, space and defence industries. A considerable development of Ukraine in 1960 was the intellectual development. The intellectuals tried to achieve further freedom in national and civil rights. Some of them were coming out of the demand of culture and edu cation with the Jews. The 20th century of Ukraine’s history was noticeable for human cataclysm. The nation had a well educated population. Currently Ukraine is a presidential- parliamentary democracy which passed through a firm transition to the market economy. This caused emigration of people from the entire social circles.Previous emigration was held in the 19th and 20th centuries when peasants struggled for land and a better life, after the decline of attempts of founding an independent Ukraine in 1917 and also during and after the World War II.... uggled for land and a better life, after the decline of attempts of founding an independent Ukraine in 1917 and also during and after the World War II. A community of Ukraine came into being in a stable and intricate model of secular and religious organisations which came into existence in Australia in the 1940’s, just after the arrival of Ukrainians from Europe. Ukrainians immigrated into Queensland from Russia in the early 20th centuries. Some of them got employed in China on the construction work of Manchurian railway during 1898-1903. A small number of political emigrants have anti-Tsarist political outlook. â€Å"In addition to its advocacy of workers' interests, the Ukrainian Workers Circle, which was represented on the Brisbane Industrial Council of Trade Unions, organised a library that included works of Ukrainian literature†(Ukrainians, 2001, p.354). From 1960, Ukraine gradually acquired the economic development. During the period 1945 and 1989, Ukrainians allo wed for the formation of State controlled organization for socio- cultural development. There started the development of education. The Ukraine union published nearly about 15 books in the Ukrainian language. In the period of post World War, they published around 40 books, which are mostly about the library and historical books. Their next works are the school handbooks. The minority of Ukraine prepared a program for popularisation of Ukrainian language. There were so many limitations for the Ukraine government; the educational system was developed with the institutions in Galicia and L’viv. L’viv has been an institution for higher education for over more than 500 years. According to the study in 2007, there are eight institutes, six academics, thirteen universities and a number of colleges in which

Leadership and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Leadership and management - Essay Example On the other hand, leadership focuses on the most important resource, which is people. Therefore, it remains as the process of not only developing but also communicating a vision for the future (Armstrong, 2012). The role of the leader is to design various responsibilities which engage an individual values and competence. Responsibilities are perceived to be motivating when they remain meaningful despite stretching them. Leaders use responsibilities to engage intrinsic motivations by for example creating something new, exercising individuals’ abilities, assisting others, and offering value to the clients (Armstrong, 2012). A good example to illustrate the difference between a leader and a manager is using the case of GE/Durham plant. The plant is responsible for assembling Boeing 777 engine. It has about 170 employees with just one manager. Consequently, within the plant, there are nine teams, each with one leader. The team decides among themselves who performs which work, they schedule training, overtime, and vacation. They also tackle productivity or lack of ethics among the team members. Hence, all of them are leaders. Even though, there are no direct incentives, what motivates the technicians is the desire for perfection and the pride of producing the best engines in the aviation industry. In this case, the work of the manager is to listen and inform the teams (Armstrong, 2012). From the example, it is evident that leadership is purely based on influence as well as shared meaning. It is also an informal role regarded as an achieved position. Part of every team member responsibility requires indepe ndent thinking and initiative. The responsibility of a leader is to decide on the direction of the team. Therefore, a leader is responsible for setting the ultimate objectives, goals, and aim for the team. The leaders will then not only inspire but also motivate the team so that they

Education in soviet Ukraine in the post-world war 2 Essay

Education in soviet Ukraine in the post-world war 2 - Essay Example Then the Ukraine’s People’s Republic was under the control of Soviet and then Ukraine Soviet Socialist Republic was formed. It was to become one of the establishing Republics of the Soviet Union. The 2nd world war that lasted for 60 long years and as a result had a drastic effect i.e., there was so many calamities across around the world, especially it was the nuclear weapons which used by US on Hiroshima, Japan. After the World War II, Ukraine’s history in the 20th century had witnessed the burden of a tyrannous Soviet government, Nazi’s attacks and the ruling of Stalin. In 1991, it was the end for the Soviet Union; Ukraine became an independent and reforming a new statehood that entered into the 19th century. The decades of enmity between Russia and Ukraine, it used this opportunity to conquer the nation. Ukraine has developed a varied economy with the technology and manufacturing sector and the aviation force, space and defence industries. A considerable development of Ukraine in 1960 was the intellectual development. The intellectuals tried to achieve further freedom in national and civil rights. Some of them were coming out of the demand of culture and edu cation with the Jews. The 20th century of Ukraine’s history was noticeable for human cataclysm. The nation had a well educated population. Currently Ukraine is a presidential- parliamentary democracy which passed through a firm transition to the market economy. This caused emigration of people from the entire social circles.Previous emigration was held in the 19th and 20th centuries when peasants struggled for land and a better life, after the decline of attempts of founding an independent Ukraine in 1917 and also during and after the World War II.... uggled for land and a better life, after the decline of attempts of founding an independent Ukraine in 1917 and also during and after the World War II. A community of Ukraine came into being in a stable and intricate model of secular and religious organisations which came into existence in Australia in the 1940’s, just after the arrival of Ukrainians from Europe. Ukrainians immigrated into Queensland from Russia in the early 20th centuries. Some of them got employed in China on the construction work of Manchurian railway during 1898-1903. A small number of political emigrants have anti-Tsarist political outlook. â€Å"In addition to its advocacy of workers' interests, the Ukrainian Workers Circle, which was represented on the Brisbane Industrial Council of Trade Unions, organised a library that included works of Ukrainian literature†(Ukrainians, 2001, p.354). From 1960, Ukraine gradually acquired the economic development. During the period 1945 and 1989, Ukrainians allo wed for the formation of State controlled organization for socio- cultural development. There started the development of education. The Ukraine union published nearly about 15 books in the Ukrainian language. In the period of post World War, they published around 40 books, which are mostly about the library and historical books. Their next works are the school handbooks. The minority of Ukraine prepared a program for popularisation of Ukrainian language. There were so many limitations for the Ukraine government; the educational system was developed with the institutions in Galicia and L’viv. L’viv has been an institution for higher education for over more than 500 years. According to the study in 2007, there are eight institutes, six academics, thirteen universities and a number of colleges in which

Sorry But Your Soul Just Died Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sorry But Your Soul Just Died - Assignment Example This would mean leaving the human like a mass of rock or soil – which can only be manipulated or moved. Another expectation was an account of the loss of the human spirit, to leave the human entity as good as the animals, which are on the basis of certain traditions considered not to possess a spirit – which links humans to the divine. The results here would include the depiction of animosity or the absence of a higher authority guiding humans (Wolfe). Wolfe’s bias is greatly based on unfounded fear, that the discoveries drawn from the field of neuroscience will drive humans from the personal control maintained in their natural state, where justice, morals, and values are a value drawn from each and every person’s soul endowment, to a force beyond their control. According to him, the control of humans by the genes, which is outside their control is absurd – as they will be obligated to find morals and values outside of their choice, to control their relations and all other aspects of life. An example here is Dean Hamer’s account of the gay gene, which he argues – just like the left-handedness gene is a natural inclination. The issue is that gays do not choose to become so, as they are naturally made in such a way (Wolfe). Wolfe through writing the essay is trying to offer information to the reader, on the importance of the personal choice and responsibility lines taken by each individual – when choosing values, justice and morals. He further, argues that the perceived assumption that the soul is not important is based on the gross belief that God is dead, from whom all values and identity are drawn. He further seeks to impart into the reader, the idea that the assumption of the death of the soul will result in gross immorality, where humans do not give consideration for one another – which is grounded on the identity of the moral obligation – grounded on the soul (Wolfe). The account is prese nted in a witty manner, showing that the author intended to engage the thinking process and the imagination of the reader, by raising their curiosity in predicting and finding out what the issue would lead to, through the mind of the reader. An example here is the account that trying to realize equality among different people goes against the very nature present in every single individual. The author further seeks to arouse the fear of the ultimate societal decay he talks of, these being the cause of the case, due to the fact humans will not be in a position to choose values – but will be genetically oriented to live as they are genetically endowed. An example here is the case of the gay gene, which obligates gay people to become gay – which has been a vice fought by many governments and authorities. The author uses such an example to raise curiosity and fear of further exploration of the new science, as it will serve in pushing humans into a stage where they are contr olled by their genetic inclinations. An example here would be genetic inclination into crime – which would mean that such a person becomes a criminal automatically, and that they would commit crime without any care, as it is in their nature. The emotional effect intended by Wolfe furthers his point, as it portrays an unavoidable negative side of the new science, whose further exploration would create more crisis than advantages. The emotion he is passing is clear, in that he even expresses optimism that those developing the new science

Social Impact Of Technology Information Technology Essay

Social Impact Of Technology Information Technology Essay From the development of Stone Age to modern technology era, mankind is proving best in invention and innovation of new and latest technology. Technology is a system based on the application of knowledge, manifested in physical object and organization form for attainment of specific goal (Volti, 2006). Advancement in technology has changed the existence of human civilization. Its not only the material benefits are being observed, even analytical thinking and outlook is immensely changed. Directly or indirectly everyone is obsessed to technology. As a fact that every coin has two side advantages disadvantages, this truth is also observed in technology. Does technology going in right way or it will ruin our entire society..? Headway in computer technology proves to be boon for whole humanity. First freely programmable computer was being invented in 1936 by Konrad Zuse (bellis, n.d.) than after great advancement of computer technology was being observed till date resulting in palmtops and micro mini laptops with high capability and storage. Compute is nothing but electronic device to carry out calculation and computation along with program accessibility. Firstly the concept of computer was developed to carry out calculation and in early stage computer was with limited functions and user-friendliness. Before computer was invented many of the human force and time was being consumed to carry out one particular task. It was mechanical calculator which motivated inventor to think over the invention of computer with binary system and storage facility. With the passage of time new and newer innovation toke place and first and foremost computer was being former with giant side almost equal to room along with vacu um tube as their electronic elements (encyclopaedia, n.d.) which advances in 1951, first commercial computer was formed followed by entry of IBM- international business machines in history of computer (bellis, n.d.) than transistor based computer was formed with high speed and cheaper price. Integrated circuit technology and creation of microprocessor changes the total outlook of computer technology. 1st program language was formed in 1954 by John Backus IBM (bellis, n.d.). Along with such development a peak time in the history of computer was being observed by acceptance of personal and home computer. The original internet invention in 1969 followed by invention of networking in 1973 changed the stance of computer and computer industries. This creation made a world a global country. Today application of computer is found in each and every field of society. In other words we can say that society is running on computer and computer application. Every single sector and every individual human activity include use of computer. Now a days computer is being use for banking by which you can make your transaction and maintain record of all banking information on tip of your figure. Education is broadly developed with the application of computer. E-learning, E-Classes and E-teaching are enhanced with on-going technology. One can write more effectively by means of a computer. There are tools like spelling and grammar checker, thesaurus and dictionary, installed in the computer. Thus, it takes less time to proofread a written document and also, there is no need to open up a dictionary book to look for meanings of words. Typing is much faster than writing on a paper. If there is a need for reorganizing the sentences or paragraphs, one can cut and paste and make the necessary changes. Thus, overall a computer allows the user to create documents, edit, print, and store them so that they can be retrieved later Computer prove to be good entertainment device, high graphic games and high definition video quality can be experience with that small manoeuvre. Current affairs and latest happening around the globe can be privileged from one click of computer. One of the remarkable achievements is in the field of communication and education. These fields have found a great diversification with the funding of computer and internet. Some of the impossible works in an organization are now possible with bless of computer, production process become fast and accurate. Intranet made transactions fast and prove to be convenient for work force. Weather forecast and future prediction relating to weather are being done by computer and other supporting equipments. Militaries development, safety of life and less healthy issue are being resulted with use of computer. Study of m icro organization and research work for new invention and innovation with advance modification are now possible. Every means of transportation from roadways to railways along with sae way enrich them self with computer technology for more speedy and safe transportation. Cure for diseases and new medicines are formed after doing calculation of computer. Computer has made us life easy and convenient. Social impact of computer on society is really at positive side. Computer affected commerce and it took it to new end. Now production process is being carried out with the help of computer robotic technology is use and accuracy is experienced along with much utilization of time and man force. Even at job level accountability of work by an individual increases speedy and fast out come and much big calculation are done in fraction of seconds. Production capacity increases and cost of production is decreased to a remarkable point. With online messenger and social website now to communicate with any one in any part of the world is really easy. Prior sending and receiving mails from one place to another was taking half and month but now possibility of live chats are practised and this made a world a small country social community website and group are being formed which give freedom to chat and interact with each other and to understand one another society and culture. Effect on environment of computer is among remarkable note. New innovation is being done for preserving environment and its resources, use of paper is being reduced by E-filling and E-mails. Instrument and computer operated engines are formed to control pollution and whether for casting or climatic is being monitored and observed. With the help of computer best affected fields is medicine, as now some of the serious disease and injuries are cureable with the help of computer technology. Heart transplant, bypass surgery, X-rays, CT scan, different diagnosis, heart rate, pulse rate etc. all is being monitored with help of computer (dhavele, 2010). Nowadays, computers are widely used for education and training purposes. In schools, computer education has been made compulsory to spread awareness about computers. As a matter of fact, computers have become a learning tool for children. Also, there are many universities that provide  online degrees, which is very advantageous for those pe ople staying in the remote areas and for the disabled. In fact,  online education  is one of the most flexible and convenient forms of learning. One can take the benefit of such  online degree programs  staying at home without the need of relocation. Computers are also used for training purposes. Many companies use them to train their staffs. With the help of computer has also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them, or sending them an email, for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face-to-face direct communication from different parts of the world, thanks to the help of video-conferencing (majja, n.d.). Computer is such a device which help and human being in each and every field in most possible way. Computer is such a gadget which is being found in every one home now. Some of the data showing current computer application brought out by conduct of American Research Company are 65% of Americans spend more time sitting in front of their PC than with their wives and husbands   84% of them are already addicted to computers,  52% of PC users take their PC system failure as their personal failure; Computer has changed out life of whole society and has created many convenient facility along with bless type technology in our day to day life. With all the positive effect of computer we can say those computers are BOON to whole mankind and to surrounding society! X=X=X

Wyatt and Spenser :: essays research papers

Wyatt and Spenser’s poems both depict a hunter who temporarily gives up his pursuit for different reasons. Wyatt’s hunter believes he has no chance with the woman because of the rank and position of the suitor she already has. He considers it necessary to warn others. Spenser’s hunter feels it is useless to chase anymore because he is not getting any closer to winning. The attitudes of the hunters are developed after the chase in each poem. One attitude is developed when the hunter realizes he is being shown that the woman belongs to someone else. He appears annoyed or irritated. The character in Spenser’s poem is bewildered. This attitude develops after he chases her, gives up, and then realizes she welcomes the chase. The poets’ ideas of wildness and tameness are distinctly addressed and quite the contrary. Wyatt thinks that someone may seem tame, but hard to get control of later as expressed in line 14 of the poem â€Å"Whoso List to Hunt†. Spenser thinks it’s strange that someone is wild in the beginning and hard to get, but later won over easily. The differences in the poet’s view of love in each of the poems suggest that things be not always as they seem. One can not predict the outcome of a love situation because what looks easy may not be and vice-versa. This is true of everyday life and love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Representing a woman as a gentle, but wild animal is appropriate in these two poems because the woman is compared to a deer. The deer, although it lives in the wild, is not a vicious animal, but a graceful creature. The woman and the deer have similar qualities in both poems. Lines 5-7 in Wyatt’s poem shows that one may tire chasing a deer, but the thrill of the chase does not make him want to take his mind off of it. This is also true when a man is pursuing a woman. It is hard for one to give up a chase, especially if it is a thrill, and the reward is worth it. In Spenser’s poem, the woman and the deer also have similar qualities.

Jewish Contributions to the Early Civil Rights Movement Essay -- The Ci

In many ways, the 1950s planted the seeds for the progress of the 60s. Glimpses of the rebellious generation, who would later find its way to the anti-War protests, are found throughout the fifties, specifically in movies like Rebel Without a Cause and more overtly in Jack Kerouac?s On The Road. The move away from conformity and towards more of an individualistic mentality began in the somewhat closed circles of the Beat movement and spread throughout America during the sixties. The Montgomery Bus Boycotts and Brown V. Board of Education were great precursors to the revolutionary civil rights legislation of the mid sixties. Whereas for most of the aforementioned societal changes, the 50s only exhibited hints of what was to come in the sixties, members of the civil rights movement built an impressive resume and did more than merely build a base for the 60s. The fifties marked a time when civil rights began to take front stage for many Americans and served as the call to action for Afr ican-Americans. Blacks decided that they would no longer sit around waiting for change, but that they were going to get up and right the wrongs of the North and South. Tremendous historical events, some which took days and some which took years, were planned and successfully carried out in this decade. Individuals were mobilized, great leaders emerged, and powerful organizations took center stage. But, the African-Americans were certainly not alone. Along with them stood Whites of all backgrounds and religions, of all social classes and perspectives, and of all reasons and justifications. American Jews, who had the unenviable predicament of being both White and a persecuted minority, disproportionately involved themselves with the struggle against s... ...ms: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Jewish Community p.41. 19. Greenberg, Cheryl. "The Southern Jewish Community and the Struggle for Civil Rights." 20. Dollinger, Marc. "Hamans and Torquemadas: Southern and Northern Jewish Responses to the Civil Rights Movement 1945-1965" 21. Webb, Clive. Fight Against Fear: Southern Jews and Black Civil Rights. p. 45-56 22. Dollinger, Marc. The Quest For Inclusion: Jews and Liberalism in Modern America. p. 167 23. Schneier, Rabbi Marc. Shared Dreams: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Jewish Community. p. 40 24. Schneier, Rabbi Marc. Shared Dreams: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Jewish Community. p. 62 25. Rose, Peter. "Blacks and Jews: The Strained Alliance." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 454, March 1981. p. 55

Organic Food: Is It Really Better? Essay

Americans usually do not think about what they eat. We do not acknowledge whether it is locally grown, sustainably raised, grass-fed, and free-range or pesticide free. Americans fail to realize the negative effects from the harmful pesticides, hormones, dyes and preservatives that are in our food. Conventional foods are produce that is grown with the use of many harsh chemicals before it is put into a supermarket. (The food we eat conventionally was meant to help us lead healthier lives, but it actually harms us.) Many people believe that there is little nutritional difference between organic and conventional food but it is not about the nutritional value. It is a matter of what the conventional foods contain. Even though organic food is hard to find and more expensive than conventional food, it is also much safer and healthier. If everyone transitions and commits to eating organically, we can override and overcome conventional farming and its negative effects. Nearly forty percent of the world’s agricultural land has degraded. The amount of arable land is decreasing nationally and worldwide because toxic pesticides and herbicides are polluting our air, soil and groundwater. Soil productivity has decreased because of wind and water erosion of the topsoil. This causes loss of organic matter in the soil, a decrease in water holding capacity and biological activity. Fossil fuels play a huge role in producing food as well. Industrial farming has farming machinery and petroleum-based chemicals that require huge amounts of fossil fuels, which deplete the soil of its nutrients. The ratio for fossil fuel energy needed for beef production is 35 to 1 as well as 3 to 1 for all other agricultural products. Modern agricultural methods cause aquifers to dry out, pollinators such as bees are dying and the climate is getting hotter and drier (Schiffman, In Defense of Organic Farming). According to the EPA, the water runoff from conventional farms exceeds the legal limit for nitrate concentrations in drinking water compared with organic farms that do not use chemical pesticides. The excess nitrate exposure can cause respiratory conditions, thyroid disorders and cancer (Greenfield, The Organic Advantage). Princeton University states that only one percent of the pesticides actually targets the pests and that in fact, 99 percent affect the environment and contaminate our fresh groundwater that is used for drinking. The harmful chemicals in pesticides that enter our water system take many years for it to be eliminated from our drinking water. Organic farming practices use less energy and are designed to benefit the environment by reducing pollution and conserving water and soil quality and use methods to grow food that support sustainability. Pesticides and fertilizers are more harmful than helpful for the crops. The pesticides that conventional farms use also contribute to the resistance that insects and pests develop. They are constantly developing new tactics to invade the produce, which then leads to the conventional farmers’ use of stronger chemicals. Animal manure, compost and green manure are used as natural fertilizers. It nourishes the soil allowing crops to survive during drought periods. It also helps preserve our planet and farmland especially for the future generations to come. Farming organically generously promotes biodiversity. Biodiversity in organic food means that there is a greater quantity and variety. Generally, the more biodiversity there is on a farm encourages stability (Organic Agriculture). Research at the Rodale Institute has shown that organic methods can remove up to 7,000 pounds of carbon dioxide from the air yearly. As follows, Rodale estimates that if all 434 million acres of U. S. cropland were converted to organic practices, it would be the same as removing 217 million cars, which is nearly 88 percent of all cars in the country and more than one-third of all the automobiles in the world (LaSalle and Hepperly, Regenerative Organic Farming). Removing this great amount of carbon dioxide from our oxygen will increasingly benefit our environment. There are many significant differences between organic and conventional food products. According to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, fruits and vegetables are labeled organic if it has no pesticides, genetic modifications, growth hormones, artificial fertilizers or irradiation. Most conventional food products include a variety of these methods. Conventional food products are the exact opposite. All types of organic foods only represent three percent of the total American market and imply that we should support the production of organic foods (Kluger, What’s So Great About Organic Food). The prices of organic food products seem to be the main issue of why people prefer not to buy it. Organic fruits and vegetables cost from 13 to 34 cents more than ordinary conventional produce (Kluger, What’s So Great About Organic Food). Milk labeled hormone-free costs as well as antibiotic free is six dollars a gallon, whereas grocery store milk is 3. 50 dollars a gallon. The main reasons that organic foods are costly are because it requires abstaining from the use of chemicals; the demand overrides the supply, the producing methods and the necessity to obtain organic certification (Organic Agriculture). No chemicals means more labor. Without chemicals and the use of synthetic pesticides farmers have to hire more laborers to complete jobs such as hand weeding, cleaning polluted water and recovering from pesticide contaminations from former land owners. The USDA claims that Americans prefer organic over nonorganic, but there is only little farmland to fulfill these requests. Organic farmers use crop rotation as an alternative to chemical weed killers to keep the soil healthy and the prevention of weed growth. This method does not allow crops to be produced in larger quantities. Acquiring Organic certification can be very expensive. Organic farms are required to pay a mandatory inspection fee annually to be organically certified. Inspection costs usually range from 400 dollars to 2000 dollars every year (Organic Agriculture). The indicated costs would be easy to pay for if more people supported organic farming. One of the many reasons for our health issues is because of the way in which meat producers treat our animals. Organically farmed animals are raised without harmful chemicals, growth hormones or antibiotics. Cows, chicken and pigs are retaining most of the pesticides that they ingest. These animals eat produce that contains pesticides causing it to be stored in their tissues and fat. When we eat these animals, the pesticides are being transferred into our bodies. Inorganic meat, fish, dairy and eggs are the main source of environmental pollution. It contributes to almost 95 percent of toxic residues into our everyday diet. Battery caged hens live in small cages that only allow minimum movement. Few birds survive this because it compromises its immune systems, which also increases the uses of antibiotics and vaccines. Organic Farmers protect and provide homes for wildlife. Animals on organic farms are raised and treated in a much more humane environment than inorganic farmers. Most of these conventional animals are caged, grain-fed and are treated with cruelty. Grass-fed and free-range animals have less fat than grain-fed animals and have high amounts of omega-3 fatty acids as well as omega-6, which is believed to reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease and arthritis and increases cognitive function (Kluger, What’s So Great About Organic Food). These vitamins are essential in our daily American diet. Our diet is considered to be â€Å"killing† the planet and us Americans. In 2010, The Center for Disease Control and Prevention released that nearly 27 percent of Americans are considered obese and the obesity rate tops 30 percent in nine states. Every American eats 220 pounds of meat a year and only 14 percent consume the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables a day. Most processed foods are saturated with salt and high fructose corn syrup, which are the two flavors that we know and love (Kluger, What’s So Great About Organic Food). The population should be very concern with the long-term health effects that conventional produce has on us. There are 450 percent more chemicals in conventional produce than organic produce. Many studies have shown that pesticides link to health issues including cancer, birth defects and nervous system damage which depend on factors such as pesticide toxicity, the level of exposure and the person’s age and genetic susceptibility (Kramer). A study from Dr. Langrin, a food observer, shows that people who ate conventional food, then switched to organic food showed an 85 to 90 percent decrease in pesticide levels in their bodies. When they began eating conventional food again, their pesticide levels increased greatly (Zerbe, Organic Foods). This study showed that there was a significant difference in the amount of pesticides in inorganic food than organic food. Children and infants benefit tremendously from organic food. It aids in their development and their overall health. By the time most children reach the age of two, they obtain the lethal limit for toxins in their bodies. Feeding children organic food will decrease this amount and they will only have one-sixth of the amount of carcinogens in their blood causing the risk of illnesses to decrease significantly. Children and fetuses with high levels of pesticide intake are more vulnerable to this chemical than adults because of their less-developed immune systems and their bodies and brains are still in the process of development (Paul, Kemp, Segal, Organic Foods). They are not able to metabolize and break down the chemicals from the pesticides, therefore causing their body to absorb the chemical and making them less able to filter it out of their bodies. They are twice as likely to have developmental delays behavioral disorders such as ADHD and motor dysfunction. Also, Women who do not consume organic food while they are pregnant, give birth to children that will subsequently have low IQ scores (Greenfield, The Organic Advantage). Adults are not the only people who suffer, but unborn children and infants as well. Choosing the organic lifestyle will increase your lifespan, allow you to live healthier and will benefit the environment and our planet overall. Organic food can be purchased at some local supermarkets and many farmers’ markets or private organic stores. By supporting organic farming, we will eliminate chemicals caused from conventional farming out of our air, soil, water, food and our bodies. We can take precautionary measures to protect and preserve the future generations to come by doing so. As most Americans eat conventionally, changing to an organic lifestyle can give you a sense of comfort knowing that your food is strictly nutritious and cannot harm you. If we Americans start eating organically now, we can be sure that in the future there will only be a few conventional farms left on our planet. Works Cited Greenfield, Paige. â€Å"The Organic Advantage. â€Å"(2013). Web. 14 Nov. 2013. Kluger, Jeffrey. â€Å"What’s So Great About Organic Food?. † (2010). Web. 14 Nov. 2013. Kramer, Leslie. â€Å"Worth Going Organic. † Positive Thinking (2008) Web. 14 Nov. 2013. LaSalle, Tim J., and Paul Hepperly. â€Å"Regenerative Organic Farming: A Solution to Global Warming. † 2008. Web. 15 Nov. 2013. â€Å"Organic Foods: Are They Safer? More Nutritious? † Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 07 Sept. 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2013. Organic Agriculture: What Are the Environmental Benefits of Organic Agriculture? N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Nov. 2013. Paul, Maya W. , Gina Kemp, and Robert Segal. â€Å"Organic Foods. † Understanding Organic Food Labels, Benefits, and Claims. May 2013. Web. 14 Nov. 2013. Schiffman, Richard. â€Å"In Defense Of Organic Farming. † Web. 14 Nov. 2013.

School District

The Roosevelt School District in Maricopa County has at least 21 public schools under its direct administration and around fifty private and public middle and high schools all located around the district. Private and Catholic schools however, are not administered by the district in the sense that they are autonomous in terms of management, implementing policy guidelines, instructional materials, and salary compensation for teachers. The Roosevelt Elementary School District in Maricopa County is considered large in size with its total number of students attending with 11, 902 and six hundred ninety-one certified teachers (Classroom Dollars and proposition 301 results). The district’s student ratio per teacher since 2004 up to 2006 was at seventeen students per teachers. How is a teacher’s pay determined? Salaries of teachers in Arizona are based on the â€Å"per-pupil† amount of funds allocated to the district. Based on the comparative information, the average teacher-student ratio that receives a standardized salary of 42,500 is 17 students per one teacher (Classroom Dollars Proposition p. 61). That is, a teacher handling seventeen students on a regular basis is qualified to receive standardized salary. The salary of a teacher is determined by the funding formulas of the state and the municipalities where the school is located (College of Education Paper). The general implication of this system is that the bigger the number of the students the bigger budget allocation for the district, and the better income for the teacher, because according to the paper, the teachers salaries comes from the operations and maintenance budget (College Education paper p. 91). This budget comes from local taxes and from the state. The fund is transferred to the district which turn is responsible for local budgeting. How is salary structured? The district employed a standardized salary compensation for certified teachers based on their qualification and competency. It means that teachers had to be certified that their course are aligned to the teaching profession. Further more, the district implements performance based scheme for teachers wherein teachers are expected to yield positive results towards the district goal based on individual and school performance (Class room dollar and proposition). Since 2004, the Roosevelt Elementary School district offered an annual average salary of $42, 500. These compensation schemes are standardized based on performance, competency, and educational qualification as indicated by the five point’s performance evaluation standard employed by the district (Class room dollar proposition). These performance indicators according to the paper published by the College of Education of the University of Arizona entitled Who will Teach our Young Children includes the degrees of certifications, scores on professional knowledge test, and the years of experience in teaching. All these form the structure of the standardized salary of the teachers at Roosevelt Elementary districts schools (Who will Teach our Young Children, p. 61). Are there incentives for teachers to earn more money and is this an effective pay system? The district offers an up to more than five thousand dollars incentives to all it employees including teachers, librarians and other staffs. The incentives were given in form additional salary benefits of the eligible employees (Class room dollar proposition). The paper published by the College of Education of the University of Arizona points out that the current incentives and benefits systems implemented by the district are given only to the most productive teachers and those teaching positions that requires â€Å"special skills† or expertise (College of Education Paper, p. 95). Although this performance-based incentives is defined by the state law or other policy and funded by the state, and can be earned yearly by anybody who had done exemplary performance (p. 1), it is quite apparent that these incentives and benefit system is an ineffective system for teachers. The College paper published by the University of Arizona expressed pessimism that it this incentive system will soon prevent districts from fiving special incentives (p. 95) to deserving teachers. Thus, according to paper, researchers are â€Å"looking at ways† (p. 95) to lure more teachers. Why the incentive system is not effective? The benefit system is ineffec tive because there are no clear guidelines about the funding for teacher compensation. These affect the district budgeting because budget defends on â€Å"per-pupil† allocation. However, continues efforts to increase compensation, and benefits and incentives for teachers are a welcome agenda for teachers at Roosevelt Elementary School District. Does the teacher union have to say about the subject? Unfortunately, there is no teacher union at Roosevelt Elementary School District or in any other district in Maricopa, Arizona. This is one factor one why researchers are looking for more effective ways of providing teacher’s salaries, incentives and benefit system. The salaries of teachers are decided only by the school board (College of Education Paper, p. 92). While the teachers union can provide bargaining for justifiable salaries, incentives and other fringe benefits, this does not happen at Roosevelt Elementary School District or to any other school district in Maricopa, Arizona, due to lack of teacher’s union. Reference Class Dollars and Proposition 301 Roosevelt Elementary School Districthttp://www.auditorgen.state.az.us/Reports/School_Districts/Districts/Roosevelt_ESD/2008/Roosevelt_ESD.pdf College of Education, The University of Arizona Who will teach our Children? http://www.aztownhall.org/pdf/92nd_Workbook_complete.pdf   Oct.27-30, 2008.

Nature of Human Resource Management: Hiring and Recruiting

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION In the present time, Organization’s most important assets are its people i. e. Employees. These employees are the foundation on which the organization stands strong; without the human power to perform certain tasks, to produce, to operate, to analyze, etc no organization can live. Although the modern technologies have made a lot things much easier but nothing can replace the significance of the Human Resources. Therefore, Hiring is a very challenging, time consuming and costly function of the company.But what’s even harder – especially in today’s chaotic economic situation is, â€Å"Making the right Hire†. Recruiting and Selection is all about â€Å"hiring the right person for the right job at the right time. † Even a single wrong hire can affect the operations of the business and can cost the firm a fortune. In order to avoid making a bad hire, HR managers must carefully conduct and analyze the Human Resource P lanning (HRP) process. HRP is a process used by the organizations to ensure that it has right amount and kind of people to fulfill its particular goals in future.This is done by forecasting the Labor Demand for future and matching it with the forecasted Labor Supply of the firm. Organizations that do not conduct HRP or don not perform HRP properly may not be able to meet their future labor shortage or may have to resort to layoffs due to labor surplus. Even though hiring the right people with right skills is very protracted and difficult process but Human capital is a substantial investment and even a single mistake can put financial burden on the firm. The pace at which a business moves from survival mode to growth paths is largely dependent on the successful hiring of the correct employees.The prosperity of the business not only depends on hiring good people but hiring extremely talented people with the right skills for any particular job. Following are some useful tips for hiring right people for the right job: * Develop a detailed Job Description; identify the key responsibilities, functions and expectations for the position under question. * Design a careful Job Specification; specify the skills, requirements, experience and knowledge required for the position under question. * Use internal or external labor market to find adequate number of potential candidates * Conduct the Screening process wisely and horoughly in order to find valuable information regarding competitive salaries, intelligence and the working standards. * Try to use structured interview process to select the best possible candidates * Check references provided by the candidates, verify their degrees and other information provided by them and find out about their past working behaviors by contacting their ex boss or subordinates * After hiring, make the new hire welcomed and make him/her understand the culture of the organization through Orientation. Opening CasePAKISTAN CIVIL AVIATION A UTHORITY Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority is a Public sector autonomous body working under the Federal Government of Pakistan through the Ministry of Defence. It was established on 7th December, 1982 as an autonomous body. Prior to its creation, a Civil Aviation Department in the Ministry of Defence used to manage the civil aviation related activities. The day of 7th December has significance, as it coincides with the date of creation of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 1944 as a result of the famous Chicago Convention.Incidentally, the United Nations have declared 7th December as the International Civil Aviation day and celebrated as such every year all over the World. All kinds of Civil Aviation related activities are performed by CAA including the regulatory, air traffic services, airport management, infrastructure and commercial development at the airports, etc. Recently, Civil Aviation Authority underwent Restructuring and Change Management process to meet t he present and future challenges.This organizational transformation process identified Structure, Culture, Skills, and Rewards as four tracks on which simultaneous emphasis is being laid. The Vision, Mission, and Core Values have been identified. Wide-angle buy-in process by CAA senior management with staff and lower levels for bridging communication gaps between different hierarchical levels of the organization has been taken. As a result of the Restructuring process, the fundamental organization structure has been balanced to focus on three core areas namely Regulatory, Air Navigations Services, and Airport Services.These Core / Line functions are fully supported by the various corporate functions of the organization. The restructuring process has helped Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority to fully focus on:- * Strengthening its safety and security oversight role as per International Civil Aviation Organization requirements and standards. * To facilitate growth of the infrastructure development (Airports and Airport Cities) on a fast-track basis. Private sector participation in the process is also being encouraged. Enhanced Regulatory and air space management capabilities. Moreover, emphasis is being laid on commercialization of its assets and land with improved customer / passenger service standards, benchmarked with top performing international airports * Development of a New Aviation Policy for the country in consultation with the Ministry of Defence, Planning Commission, World Bank, Airlines, and Aviation Experts (Expected to be considered by the Cabinet for approval shortly). Investing in Human resource development through structured approach with particular focus on quality of people and enhancing their professional capability. Quality work on new initiatives is in progress such as introduction of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Health, Security, Safety, and Environment (HSSE), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Ethics Management Program, Custome r feedback mechanism at the airports, Employees Performance Management system, benchmarking, outsourcing of non-core and wasteful activities, etc.Recently, we have embarked upon a challenging phased program to acquire international standards of Integrated Management System (IMS) in CAA during which the international standards of ISO 9001:2000 (Quality Management System), ISO 14001:2004 (Environmental Management System), and OHSAS 18001:2007 (Occupational Health and Safety Management System) shall be acquired. VISION STATEMENT â€Å"Be world-class service provider in the aviation industry† MISSION STATEMENT â€Å"Provide safe, secure and efficient best-in-class aviation services to the stakeholders† CORE VALUES * Commitment * Professional Excellence * Customer Focus Safety and Security * Integrity ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE PCAA MANAGEMENT BOARD Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority is administered by the Board which performs tasks like policy formulation, execution, monitori ng and evaluation. The board is being assisted in different administrative and financial issues by the number of sub committees namely PCCA Executive Committee, PCAA Audit Committee and HR Committee. PCAA BOARD PCAA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE PCAA AUDIT COMMITTEE HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT OF PCAA The HR department of PCAA is still under the developing process as it was formed only three years ago.Prior to the formation of the HR department there was an ‘Administrative Department’ which use to manage all the activities; finance, accounts, hiring and selection, employee record keeping, audit, etc. Even though the HR department is not completely established, PCAA HR is making pretty good efforts for fostering a prosperous corporate culture and developing organizational capabilities by designing an effective and efficient workforce who remains devoted towards the company. The head of the HR department is the Chief HR who is in Pay Group of 11. He is appointed by DG CAA (Director G eneral).Directorate of human resource delivers high quality of management services from manpower. HR supports the line function/directorates to achieve strategic goals of PCAA. HR directorates have five branches which perform different functions. Each Branch has different head called General Manager (GM) which then reports to chief HR for approval. Following are the branches of the HR Department of PCAA: * HR Employee Relation and Record Management (EM & RM) * HR Recruiting and Selecting (R & S) * HR Career Planning and Performance Measurement (CP & PM) * HR Pension * HR Training and Development (T&D)This report only discusses the HR Recruiting and Selection branch. The HR policies and strategies are formulated and designed in a way to develop a unified, stable and fair working environment for every single employee so that they perform in the best way they can. Moreover, every employee is provided with opportunities to learn and grow. HR ORGANIZATIONAL CHART RECRUITING AND SELECTION AT PCAA The Recruiting and Selection branch is responsible for attracting the potential candidates for any present or future vacant positions; it plans and provides employees with the right skills for the right job.Similarly, the branch also deals with the employee layoffs in case an employee is not performing up to the mark or is indulged in wrong working practices and sometimes the layoffs result due to labor surplus. This branch first seeks approval for any new hire for a post or layoffs from Director General. Before starting the Hiring and Selection process, the HR first conducts Human Resource Planning to find out about its labor demand and analysis. But the HRP process is performed in depth. After the discovering the human resource requirements through HRP the Recruiting and Selection process is started.PCAA Recruiting and Selection Process Human Resource Planning The present working environment has become extremely competitive for every business. People are now open to a gre at deal of opportunities and they are also well informed about the market place; candidates know the standard working practices and salary being paid by the various employers in an industry. Therefore, employees have become less loyal to the companies in general; if they are not satisfied or happy with their employer or subordinates then they don’t hesitate to switch to some other company.Keeping this trend in mind, PCAA HR performs a simple demand and supply analysis for its labor force. Demand Forecasting Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority uses a very simple method for forecasting the labor demand i. e. RATIO ANALYSIS. The method simply compares the ratio of the employees to CAA units with the expected number of employees for each job. Below is a sample table which demonstrates how the demand forecasting is done in PCAA. Column A shows the current number of employees holding the existing key positions in the firm. Column B calculates the present ratio of employees to PCCA un its.Column C calculates the expected number of employees for each job position in 2012 by multiplying the current ratio of employees to PCAA units by 32 (additional number of firms to be added). This is a Quantitative technique. Supply Forecasting Once the demand analysis is done the next step is to do labor supply forecasting. The labor requirements are fulfill either through Judgmental techniques. PCAA uses Executive Reviews; Top Management makes judgments about who should be promoted, reassigned or fired, and Vacancy analysis; judgments are made about likely employee movementsKey Positions| DEMAND FORECAST ANumber of Employees2010| BRatio ofEmployees/CAA Units(Col A/25)| Projected 2012 laborDemand for 32 Firms(Col B x 32)| Secretary Ministerof Defense| 25| 1. 00| 32| Vice Chief of Air Staff| 9| 0. 36| 12| Secretary Planning and Development division| 23| 0. 92| 29| Managing Director PIAC| 20| 0. 80| 26| Director General CAA| 14| 0. 56| 18| Deputy Director General| 22| 0. 88| 28| C hief HR| 25| 1. 00| 32| Chief Financial Officer| 20| 0. 80| 26| General Manager| 45| 1. 80| 58| Director Technical| 27| 1. 08| 35| TOTAL| 230| | 296| RecruitingRecruiting is the process of generating a pool of qualified candidates for a particular job. The firm must announce the job’s availability to the market (inside or outside the organization) and attract qualified candidates to apply. First of all the Recruiting and Selecting branch obtains the detail information about the vacant positions from the respective departments (such as finance, Operations, etc). This is explained in Job Description and Job Specification. However, if the vacancy exists for any HR position then HR develops the job description and job specification.Once all the relevant information is gathered then the job vacancies are announced to the general public through posting the news on their website and newspapers. The internal employees are also informed about the job vacancies through announcements, o fficial emails or office notice board. This is a newspaper ad: PCAA HR department receives job applications within 30 days of the publication of the advertisements (as per the mentioned date in the ads). All the job applications are carefully analyzed and scrutinized and then a certain amount of candidates are short-listed who are eligible for giving the written test.The HR (R&S) then forwards the list of selected candidates to National Testing Service (NTS). Written Test For ensuring transparency and upholding the motto of Merit, PCAA has outsourced its written test examination to a third party National Testing Service (NTS). This decision was made during the Executive Committee Meeting held on 27th July, 2007 as proprietary to conduct all type of written test on behalf of HR (R&S) branch. NTS carries out the written test once it receives the names of the short-listed candidates form HR (R&S).NATIONAL TESTING SERVICE (NTS) NTS is an organization who provides services for conducting academic performance evaluation tests which was formed in July 2002. Following are the test standards that NTS follows for all of its tests. * Developmental procedures * Suitability for use * Customer service * Fairness * Uses and protection of information * Validity * Assessment development * Reliability * Cut scores, scaling, and equating * Assessment administration * Reporting assessment results * Assessment use * Test Takers' rights and responsibilitiesAfter the test is conducted NTS compiles the results and announces them on their websites as well as forward them to HR (R;S) of PCAA. Then HR (R;S) branch is responsible for the development of merit list and issuance of interview call letter to top five candidates as per quota share given below: MERIT QUOTA| PERCENTAGES| PUNJAB| 50%| SINDH| 19%| SINDH (rural)| 11. 4%| SINDH (urban)| 7. 6%| NWFP| 11. 5%| BALOCHISTAN| 6%| AZAD KASHMIR| 2%| WOMEN | 10%| NON-MUSLIMS| 5%| DISABLE| 2%| Interview The candidates who made to the merit li st are called for the final phase of the Recruiting and Selection process i. . Interview. The interview can be conducted at five centers namely Karachi, Islamabad, Lahore, Quetta and Peshawar. The Administration instructs the Airport Managers for making arrangements for the candidates. After interview, HR (R;S) branch compiles the result domicile vise by taking the weight-age of 60% of Written Test and 40% of Interview. INTERVIEW SELECTION BOARD Employee Verification Organizations should not hire people before verifying their documentations and past work behavior; even if they performed excellent in the written test or interview.HR (R;S), in order to predict the future performance of a prospective employee, looks at the Past Employment Record of their prospective candidates. Most of the companies do not provide any kind of job-related information about their ex employees due to fear of insult. But checking employee’s references is a best way for PCAA to avoid negligent hire. Another method used by HR (R;S) branch to do employee verification is to do Background Checks. This includes criminal background checks, verification of degrees, credit history, etc.Background checks help PCAA to avoid any lawsuit resulting due to a negligent hiring. Selection When the prospective employees pass the verification step they are hired. An appointment letter is issued in the name of the employee by the PCAA HR (R;S) branch. The new hires are given a date and time for the Orientation. Training Once the Orientation is conducted the new hires of non-technical posts (e. g. Financial Officer, Accountant, etc) is required to join PCAA from the very next day. But the new hires of technical posts (e. g.Engineers) are send to Civil Aviation Training Institute (CATI) Hyderabad for training. The duration of the training varies from four to six weeks depending upon the nature of the job. Evaluation of the Recruiting and Selection Process PCAA HR(R;S) branch doesn’t use any p roper method of evaluating their Recruiting and Selection process. They simply see the performance of the new hires and see if their decision of hiring a particular employee was correct or not. Hiring and Keeping the Right People Case Study By: Rich Kramarik We have a couple of stories to share with you this month.The first is an accounting firm. This firm has 8 employees and revenues of three million dollars. This firm had been experiencing a problem with turn-over. The CEO was using good interview techniques and involved other members of the firm in the interview process. In a couple of cases clients were used to interview the candidates. This firm was using every bit of good judgment and process to screen candidates. But, yet they experience a high level of turnover. The reasons were all over the map. In one case the new hire just was not as productive as expected.In another case the new hire just didn’t get along with clients. And, in yet another case the new hire was ver y argumentative with other employees. We worked with this CEO and could not find any substantive changes that we thought would help. We started looking at how new employees were introduced into the firm and how they were trained and supported. We found that the nature of the business was the problem. This firm did contract accounting services and by the nature of the business new hires were out of the office and working in the client offices immediately after hiring on.Through interviews we discovered that the employees were uncomfortable and felt disconnected as they â€Å"got thrown to the wolves. †Ã‚   We work with the CEO and new support plans and work procedures were implemented. As new employees came on board, they were assigned a â€Å"buddy† who worked with them at the client location half the time. This helped the new hire get comfortable with both the client and accounting firm. The â€Å"buddy† was also responsible to â€Å"train† the new hire in the office for two weeks before the new hire went out to client locations.This was not dead time, but rather on the job training working on client work but at the accounting firm’s office. The CEO also implemented one-on-one coaching sessions with new hires that were held on a weekly basis for the first 90 days of employment. These coaching sessions were to help orient the new hire to the company culture and they were used by the CEO as a safety valve or venting session. The CEO found these coaching session invaluable in helping both of them to resolve issues before they got out of control and became commitment reducing concerns.The result of the new approach is that the CEO has not lost a new hire for nine months now. This is retention that is already longer than the past experiences. A second situation is an engineering firm with 20 employees and ten million dollars in revenues. The CEO said he was loosing his employees to competitive firms. He said he was tired of train ing new hires and then loosing them. With the permission of the CEO we interviewed several employees – both new hire and long term employees. We found some interesting environmental facts that pointed to the problem.We heard that employee expectations were not being met. The employees felt that they didn’t have adequate equipment and materials to perform their work. They also felt that there was disparity from employee to employee in the quality and capabilities of the equipment that the company made available to employees. We heard that employee assignments were constantly changing and that client demands often were accepted by management and the implications were longer work hours and lost family time. We heard much more, but this is enough of an example to show the problem.These items alone point to a poor work environment, but that was not the problem. These employees said that during the hire interview process the CEO made statements that led the new hires to beli eve they would have state of the art equipment. They said that the CEO said they had a culture of working a 40 hour work week. These employees also said that they had talked to friends who were working in other companies and that the environment was much better. The CEO said that demands from clients and fear of loosing business were driving some of his actions.He also said that poor revenues lately were impacting his ability to spend on equipment. Our CEO was also surprised to hear that his competitors were providing a better work environment. We helped this CEO implement some changes that have helped with his attrition problem. He did some work to script his interview questions and comments about the company. This helped him avoid his enthusiastic descriptions about the company that tended to overstate the real situation. We helped him put plans in place to stage the purchase of new equipment. He was able to schedule work hours in taggered sessions that allowed some sharing of the new equipment. The biggest change the CEO made was to share more information with the company employees on the business environment and to implement a more open listening style. This CEO is working hard to change these company culture issues and the results so fare is that he has not lost any employees since he started this new focus. In summary, our clients are getting our help to get their focus on working â€Å"on their business† rather than working â€Å"in their business† and when they do – they find excellent results.