cancer Essay Example

cancer Essay Example cancer Essay cancer Essay Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells. X-rays, gamma rays, and charged particles are types of radiation used for cancer treatment. The radiation may be delivered by a machine outside the body called a linear accelerator to focus x-rays directly on the tumor or tumor bed (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, also called brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses radioactive substances, such as radioactive iodine, that travel in the blood to kill cancer cells. Doctors may use radiation therapy to relieve pain caused by the tumor, to try to shrink the tumor before surgery or to destroy cancer cells that may remain in the area after surgery. About half of all cancer patients receive some type of radiation therapy sometime during the course of their treatment. Radiation therapy kills cancer cells by damaging their DNA (the molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next). Radiation therapy can either damage DNA directly or create charged particles (free radicals) within the cells that can in turn damage the DNA. Cancer cells whose DNA is damaged beyond repair stop dividing or die. When the damaged cells die, they are broken down and eliminated by the bodys natural processes. Radiation therapy can also damage normal cells, leading to side effects. Doctors take potential damage to normal cells into account when planning a course of radiation therapy. The amount of radiation that normal tissue can safely receive is known for all parts of the body. Doctors use this information to help them decide where to aim radiation during treatment. Key Points * Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA. * Radiation therapy can damage normal cells as well as cancer cells. Therefore, treatment must be carefully planned to minimize side effects. * The radiation used for cancer treatment may come from a machine outside the body, or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near tumor cells or injected into the bloodstream. * A patient may receive radiation therapy before, during, or after surgery, depending on the type of cancer being treated. * Some patients receive radiation therapy alone, and some receive radiation therapy in combination with chemotherapy. cancer By Swimchickl 13

Two Bad Prefixes

Two Bad Prefixes Two Bad Prefixes Two Bad Prefixes By Maeve Maddox The English prefix caco- comes from a Latinized form of Greek kakos, â€Å"bad, evil.† The English prefix mal- derives from Latin malus, â€Å"bad, evil.† A familiar â€Å"caco† word in English is cacophony, which combines â€Å"bad† with phone, â€Å"sound.† One meaning of cacophony is â€Å"the use of harsh sounding words or phrases.† For example: â€Å"There are sounds in Gaelic which, though not guttural, are cacophony itself to English ears.† In the context of speech, the opposite of cacophony is euphony. Literally â€Å"good sound,† euphony is the quality of having a pleasant sound. Cacophony can also refer to a discordant combination of sounds produced in a musical context: â€Å"The song explodes into a grating cacophony of grimy analog synths.† Apart from speech and music, cacophony is used to refer to any unpleasant combination of noises or to a confused variety of anything. For example: [During the Nazi occupation of Paris] the cacophony of daily urban engagement - passersby, hawkers, street minstrels and performers, construction work, and especially traffic noise - was severely diminished. This [daily market] was a proper, brick, glass and wrought-iron hangar which stacked up the genuine southern France in a red-blooded cacophony of sensual abundance. Note: When the context relates to sound, the word cacophony is sufficient. Modifying the word with â€Å"of sound† in the following headline is unnecessary because the context clearly relates to musical sound: â€Å"Justin Timberlake’s New Song ‘Suit Tie’ is a Cacophony of Sound.† The main use of the prefix caco- in English is in the area of medical terminology. It’s combined with other Greek or Latin elements to create words to describe the bad state of bodily organs, for example: cacoglossia: putrid state of the tongue (glossia=tongue) cacophthalmia: malignant inflammation of the eyes (ophthalmos=eye) English words that begin with the other bad prefix- mal- (â€Å"bad, badly†)- are numerous. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, most Modern English words with this prefix are 19th century coinages. Here are just a few: maladroit: clumsy, the opposite of adroit. malapropism: the ludicrous misuse of words, especially in mistaking a word for another resembling it. The word is an eponym, derived from a character in a play. The character’s name, â€Å"Mrs. Malaprop,† is a combination of mal+appropriate. One of her lines is, â€Å"Illiterate him, I say, quite from your memory.† She’s reaching for the word obliterate. malaria: a disease spread by mosquitoes. The name originates from a belief that diseases were caused by bad air. Malaria is an Italian borrowing: mal+aria (air). malediction: a curse. Latin mal+dicere (to speak). maleficent: given to evildoing. Maleficent is the name of an evil Disney character. In the 1959 film Sleeping Beauty, Maleficent is unambiguously evil. I expect that in the new film, she’s just misunderstood. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Flier vs. FlyerList of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 74

Leadership - Essay Example This trait would be most useful in an athletic department especially in the area of delegation of authority, for example, in the selection of a team captain. The team captain would have to be a person who has a very high achievement drive. The rest of the players look up to the captain of the team as their natural leader bath in the field and as a team. The captain must therefore have demonstrated high levels of effort both during practice and in competition situations. He must be able to rally the team into action through his/ her natural charisma as this acts as a booster of team morale (Arvey, 2006). The captain must have a demonstrable high ambition for the team and other team members so that he is a holistic team player. High energy levels in the captain must be evident as this will serve to revive the team when they are undergoing a slump during competitions or practice sessions. Personal initiative is very desirable in a team captain as this will make him a very effective situ ational leader on the field and also off-field (Yukl,

Don't Ask, Don't Tell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Don't Ask, Don't Tell - Essay Example It is important to note that at the time of implementation, this was only a policy, and not a law! According to it, neither was anybody allowed to investigate the sexual orientation of the members in service in US military, nor the members would discuss it with anybody. Thus, if gays and lesbians were to serve in the US military, they would have to keep their sexual concerns unrevealed. Contrary to this policy, the law did not prevent the US military soldiers from being interrogated about their sexual orientation (Burrelli). This has conventionally remained a very controversial subject on political grounds. For a long time, the number of US military soldiers who would be discharged for the charge of homosexuality was readily dropping until 1993. From 1993 onwards, US military soldiers have increasingly been discharged for being homosexual till 2001. In order to put forward a sufficiently comprehensive account of the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell policy, it is imperative that th e reaction of American nation towards the policy is studied. According to (Mccabe), the opinion of public regarding the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell policy can be classified into three types. ... The three types of opinions can be referred to in one word as â€Å"permissive†, â€Å"restrictive† and â€Å"prohibitive† respectively (Mccabe). Two main questions have conventionally been put in front of public to offer their opinion upon in the public polls. One of them inquires if the gays and lesbians should be allowed to openly serve the US military. This question essentially asks the public to convey their opinion with the condition that the servitude is â€Å"open†. Thus, if someone answers in negative, it is not clear if he/she would have maintained the same response for those gays and lesbians who would keep their sexual orientation unrevealed while serving in the US military. In this way, the wording used in aforementioned question distinguishes the permissible opinion from the restrictive and prohibitive opinions. The second question asks the public if gays and lesbians should or should not be allowed to serve the US military without any indica tion of open or restricted expression of sexuality. In this case, when someone says that they should be allowed to serve, it is not clear if he/she would maintain the same response if the question mentioned that the gays and lesbians would openly express their sexual orientation. In this way, this statement distinguishes the prohibitive opinion from the permissive and restrictive opinions. Since the time of implementation of the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell policy, a number of Washington Post polls and ABC News polls have been conducted in which the American public was asked to respond to the two aforementioned questions simultaneously. Comparison of the findings of these surveys makes it possible for one to simultaneously analyze

Pretty woman is a conflicted tale about prostitution and dreams Essay Example for Free

Pretty woman is a conflicted tale about prostitution and dreams Essay Pretty woman is a conflicted tale about prostitution and dreams: how we prostitute ourselves to achieve our dreams; and how those dreams are defiled and compromised by our prostitution. Discuss. To prostitute oneself means that you sell yourself for a reward either money or something else. In the film there is a lot of prostituting occurring mainly for the characters in the film to achieve their dreams. Pretty woman is a modern day representation of the fairy tale Cinderella. Because the film has a fairy tale narrative then it means that the film has a lot to do with dreams and the make believe. All the characters in the film have a role and are all trying to achieve their own personal dreams. The two main characters in the film are both looking to find their dreams, which are two different things. Vivian is a character of great dignity and self respect this breaks the stereotype of a prostitute and is shown in many ways in the film.Vivian Wants the typical fairy tale that is swept of her feet by a brave dark stranger and to live happily ever after. But she also has a realistic dream where by she is able to live a higher standard of life instead of living in a apartment which she doesnt like and which she cant afford the rent for. Whereas Vivians dream is to make is dad jealous by becoming a successful business man and very wealthy. In both dreams the characters have to sacrifice different things to try and achieve their own dreams. Vivian has to sell her body as a prostitute to be able to afford the money to achieve her dream. Whereas Edward has had to sacrifice his soul and conscience to be able to get his dream, this means that he is able to develop lasting relationships. Through out the film we see what the characters within the film have had to do to achieve their dreams The first scene in the film is a business gathering where the main topics of conversation are either money or girls; these are the main ingredients of prostitution. The first line of the film is its all about money this sets up the fell of the film where he is saying that everything in life revolves around money and the lengths that people will go to get money to achieve their dreams. The first scene shows Edward on the phone sorting out business and is not interested in the party that is going on around him, this shows that he is giving up his social life and not spending time enjoying his wealth/dream as he is trying to arrange business. Then there is a contrast in lifestyles. The opening line of the next scene is Everyone comes to Hollywood for a dream this could be represented as Vivians Philosophy of life because straight after that scene the camera cuts to her. This also shows that everyone in Hollywood has a dream and different people are willing to go different lengths to achieve this dream. Vivian is shown as being in the lower social class and wants to get out of her current lifestyle which is her dream. When Edward pulls up in his very expensive car and asks Vivian for directions her first response is to ask for money again onto the fact that everything is for money. When the two are in the car Vivian is talking about money when and Edward comes out with the line I never joke about money this is very significant as it shows that he takes money very serious in hi life and see it as something that he cant joke about. In the film there is a contrast in lifestyles and also how close the two main characters are in their pursuit of their dreams. Edward is upper class and is living his dream (but he is not enjoying it). Whereas Vivian was nowhere near achieving her dream but is very happy with her personality and who she is, and throughout the film she may change her view on things but her personality remains the same throughout the film. So as she is living and achieving her dream she does not change yet I would think that Edwardss personality would have changed as he got closer to his dream. When Vivian enters the hotel she doesnt try to be posh but tries to play the stereotypical role of a prostitute when people look at her. But when she gets into the room she is amazed by the luxury and sees it as a dream compared to what type of living standards which she is used to. When the waiter brings the champagne and strawberries he waits for a tip which again shows that everything revolves around money in all cases, the waiter is a prostitute in a way because he delivers a surface of the exchange of money. Later in that night when Vivian is watching the tv and eating the strawberries Edward is at his desk doing work, and does not drink any alcohol this again shows how he has given up socialising and having a good time in pursuit of his dream. Every time Vivian walks through the hotel lobby she is looked down upon by the people in the lobby this causes her to put he dreams on hold as she realises that she doesnt fit in, in this lifestyle. When Vivian goes out shopping for expensive clothes the scene is step up as if it was actually a fairy tale, with the way in which it is day time sunny and the colours used are bright happy colours which you would associate with fairy tales, this could represent that Vivian is busy living her dream. But when she tries to buy some clothes and the staff of the shop asks her to leave she realises again that because of her past and background that she doesnt fit in that style of life. When she goes back to the hotel the hotel manger takes her aside and talks to her about her stay in the hotel and how she should dress appropriately etc. but when she explains what happened then instead of the manager just dismissing her he tries to help and sends her to a friend of his. The hotel manager is has also got a dream of his own, which he is living. His dream is to be hotel manager of the hotel. You can tell that he is very proud of his job because when he is talking the Edward he keeps stating that he is the hotel manager. Although he has reached his dream it is unclear what he has had to give up to achieve it because he is a kind man who gets on well with people. So this shows that not everyone has to give up something to achieve their dream and that people have different types of dreams depending on their personalities and ambitions. It may be said that the larger your dreams the more you have to prostitute to achieve them. At the polo match when Vivian is dressed like all the other woman in posh clothes (which she is starting to get used to) Edwards lawyer comes up to her and tells her that he knows she is a prostitute. This brings Vivian back down to reality and shatters the dream at which she is in as she is made to feel cheap and small and is not prepared for it. Later on Vivian is again made to feel like a prostitute but it is Edward how does it, when Vivian asks for her money he puts its on the bed instead of giving it to her (treats her with no respect). Vivian shows dignity and self respect because she does not take the money (although she really needs it) and would rather keep her dignity then have the money, this is different from Edwardss views and believes. When the two make up she says the line If people put you down, you start to believe it with shows that her dream is has been put down and that she has realised she had been living as false dream for a few days which has dramatically ended, by her choice. This shows that Vivian was not willing to compromise her dignity for her dreams. This is shown in the next seen also, when Edward takes Vivian out she is wearing a red dress. The colour red represents dignity respect and power these are the things which are shown in Vivians character. Although when at the opera she never looses sight of whom she is. As the relationship between the two gets more intimate then Edward begins to become more and more laid back and starts to enjoy his wealth and money more. This is shown throughout the film but the main change comes when Edward takes a day off work to spend it with Vivian, this is a complete contrast to the first scene where he was missing a party because of business. Vivian also brings out the best in his personality. You can tell this because in the first meeting with the shipping contractor where Edward is abrupt and Cleary states that he wants get dismantle the contractors business up and sell it off. But after a prolonged period of time with Vivian and at the next meeting of the two Edward changes his mind and offers go into business with the contractor instead. This is because Vivian is bringing out the best in him and also as a child he says he loved to build things and that all he had to show for his career was money instead of products. So before he wanted to get revenge at his farther he loved to build but as he got angrier with his farther he wanted to destroy things, but now that he wants to go into construction again shows that he is getting over his farther and moving on with his life and starting to get back to his original dream which was construction. The necklace that Edward loans out for Vivian is very symbolic. It is representing that he is selling himself to her through the expensive necklace. Also when he asks the hotel manager to take the necklace back for him he says it must be very difficult to let go of something so beautiful so again Vivian is represented through the necklace. Also in the opera scene the line me not work is said this shows that Edward is concentrating more on Vivian and enjoying himself rather then work and money which he did originally. The resolution of the story is the rescue of the princess by her prince charming. This is successfully completed by Edward arriving on a white horse (represented as a white limousine) and climbing up the castle wall that she has been trying to escape (the fire escape of her old flat) and rescue Vivian from a life of poverty. This is what she expressed her childhood dream as being. However, the two personal journeys of Edward and Vivian leave a more significant impact on the viewer. Edwards journey began with his father leaving him for another woman, and giving Edward a sense of rage whose only outlet is his business. This anger fuels his life, and indirectly leaves him a very rich man. Although Edwards business life is very successful, his personal life is a shambles. Edward has a fear of commitment. His journey in this film helps him let his guard down with Vivian, and he begins to overcome his fears. This personal growth leads him to a change of business strategies, resulting in a sense of closure regarding the old man hes trying to buy out of business. This old man represents what Edwards relationship with his father could have been, and when Edward changes tactics and decides to join forces with the old man, the man expresses the pride he feels, and Edward feels the anger begin to fade. Vivians journey takes her from poverty to riches, but she too has closed herself off emotionally. This closure is necessary for many professions, including prostitution, but its apparent from the beginning of this film that Edward isnt an ordinary client. Vivians journey leads her from a dead end job to the probability of furthering her education and looking towards a brighter future. Edward does more for Vivian than buy her things; he shows her that she is somebody special, and he gives her back her sense of the worth. The journeys of Edward and Vivian lead them to the end of the film, where they have resolved their internal conflicts and are free to love one another. Both characters in the film are pursuing their quest for their dreams. Edward had his but had to sacrifice his emotions to get it, and now with guidance from Vivian has is starting to restore them. Whereas Vivian had nothing and because of Edward has been able to live her dream and is still the same emotional person she was at the start of the film although the week has made her look at certain things through a different perspective.

Investigation into Chair Design Essay examples -- essays papers

Investigation into Chair Design For my Investigation into chair designs I choose to investigate how simplistic and basic the chairs have become. From Charles Rennie Mackintosh, who was renowned for his style and applied decoration to Philippe Stark who has taken simplistic to another level. I have investigated how the designers have used applied decoration to enhance the look of their chair, to how functional the pieces are (or in some cases un-functional! ). HIGH BACKED CHAIR - CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH - 1902 Mackintosh produced designs on a whole range of furnishings as well as his architectural designs. Many of these were purely functional but he also produced many ‘artistic’ pieces throughout his life. Because of the large amount of applied decoration on Macintosh’s pieces that it could be argued that each piece is a finely detailed work of art itself. Probably the most famous of such pieces are his famous high backed chairs. The high backed chair I have chosen to study was made for the International Exhibition of modern Decorative Art, held in Turin in Italy in 1902 The chair appears to have a very low seat, being only a quarter of the height of the actual chair, this also may perhaps be due to the fact the seat is fairly broad at the front, widening out from a fairly narrow back. The back of the chair is as wide as the back of the seat but tapers towards the top. This main support is framed with two tall slim struts. The construction of the low seat and tapering back makes the chair look almost abstract because of these bizarre proportions. In the photograph it looks as if the picture has been taken from a strange angle which has distorted the shape. There is little in the way of applied decoration on the chair except for the back, which on a portion is padded and covered in a light blue-grey colour. On this is a painted stylised rose bush design that fills the width of the padded portion. Beneath this is what appears to be wilting petals falling from the bush. At the top of the chair carved into a piece of wood is an organic form of sorts with the typical Art Nouveau whiplash stretching the length of it. Mackintosh was renowned for his stylised design - taking the natural form of something, for example a flower, and altering it to fit his style - this could possibly be a very developed stylised design Against the white wood work of this desi... ...d in adds plentiful character to the chair. The function of this chair is to be ‘fun’, to add character to someone’s dining room and I think that this chair would look good in any room regardless of the decor. From this investigation I was surprised by the range of different styles and forms that a chair could take. I enjoyed the form of the God Raysse, but my favourite would have to be the Pepe Chair by far due to its larger than life personality. From the ‘classic’, ‘traditional’ designers like Macintosh who revolutionised and popularised the style of Art Nouveau and to this day still has an impact and influence on designers world wide whether it be on furniture, windows or clothes, to modern designers who have also revolutionised the ‘simplistic’ style making it take many forms from ‘drips’ to ‘giraffes’. For instance the Pepe Chair took the high backed chair and gave it a modern day simplistic twist. Who knows where our rears shall sit in years to come? Shall we be sitting on more simplistic designs than the ones I have used as examples in this investigation or pieces complex beyond the imagination. Who knows? We shall just have to wait and see where our bums shall lead us! Investigation into Chair Design Essay examples -- essays papers Investigation into Chair Design For my Investigation into chair designs I choose to investigate how simplistic and basic the chairs have become. From Charles Rennie Mackintosh, who was renowned for his style and applied decoration to Philippe Stark who has taken simplistic to another level. I have investigated how the designers have used applied decoration to enhance the look of their chair, to how functional the pieces are (or in some cases un-functional! ). HIGH BACKED CHAIR - CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH - 1902 Mackintosh produced designs on a whole range of furnishings as well as his architectural designs. Many of these were purely functional but he also produced many ‘artistic’ pieces throughout his life. Because of the large amount of applied decoration on Macintosh’s pieces that it could be argued that each piece is a finely detailed work of art itself. Probably the most famous of such pieces are his famous high backed chairs. The high backed chair I have chosen to study was made for the International Exhibition of modern Decorative Art, held in Turin in Italy in 1902 The chair appears to have a very low seat, being only a quarter of the height of the actual chair, this also may perhaps be due to the fact the seat is fairly broad at the front, widening out from a fairly narrow back. The back of the chair is as wide as the back of the seat but tapers towards the top. This main support is framed with two tall slim struts. The construction of the low seat and tapering back makes the chair look almost abstract because of these bizarre proportions. In the photograph it looks as if the picture has been taken from a strange angle which has distorted the shape. There is little in the way of applied decoration on the chair except for the back, which on a portion is padded and covered in a light blue-grey colour. On this is a painted stylised rose bush design that fills the width of the padded portion. Beneath this is what appears to be wilting petals falling from the bush. At the top of the chair carved into a piece of wood is an organic form of sorts with the typical Art Nouveau whiplash stretching the length of it. Mackintosh was renowned for his stylised design - taking the natural form of something, for example a flower, and altering it to fit his style - this could possibly be a very developed stylised design Against the white wood work of this desi... ...d in adds plentiful character to the chair. The function of this chair is to be ‘fun’, to add character to someone’s dining room and I think that this chair would look good in any room regardless of the decor. From this investigation I was surprised by the range of different styles and forms that a chair could take. I enjoyed the form of the God Raysse, but my favourite would have to be the Pepe Chair by far due to its larger than life personality. From the ‘classic’, ‘traditional’ designers like Macintosh who revolutionised and popularised the style of Art Nouveau and to this day still has an impact and influence on designers world wide whether it be on furniture, windows or clothes, to modern designers who have also revolutionised the ‘simplistic’ style making it take many forms from ‘drips’ to ‘giraffes’. For instance the Pepe Chair took the high backed chair and gave it a modern day simplistic twist. Who knows where our rears shall sit in years to come? Shall we be sitting on more simplistic designs than the ones I have used as examples in this investigation or pieces complex beyond the imagination. Who knows? We shall just have to wait and see where our bums shall lead us!

Overview of the Social Security Scheme in India: ESIC Scheme Essay

Social Security is both a concept as well as a system. It represents basically a system of protection of individuals who are in need of such protection by the State as an agent of the society. Such protection is relevant in contingencies such as retirement, resignation, retrenchment, death, disablement which are beyond the control of the individual members of the Society. Men are born differently; they think differently and act differently. State as an agent of the society has an important mandate to harmonise such differences through a protective cover to the poor, the weak, the deprived and the disadvantaged. The concept of social security is now generally understood as meaning protection provided by the society to its members through a series of public measures against the economic and social distress that otherwise is caused by the stoppage or substantial reduction of earnings resulting from sickness, maternity, employment injury, occupational diseases, unemployment, invalidity, old age and death. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) defines Social Security as â€Å"the security that society furnishes through appropriate organization against certain risks to which its members are perennially exposed. The ILO concept of social security is based on the recognition of the fundamental social right guaranteed by law to all human beings who live from their own labour and who find themselves unable to work temporarily or permanently for reasons beyond their control. At the international level, the preamble of the Constitution of ILO also referred to the need and protection of workers against sickness, disease and injury arising out of their employment, pension for old age, and protection of the interests of the workers who were employed in countries other than their own. Thus, the right to Social Security was recognized officially for the first time. Subsequently, the UN General Assembly, while adopting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights also recognized the right to Social Security by stating that every member of the society has a right to social security. â€Å"Social Security† has been recognised as an instrument for social transformation and progress and must be preserved, supported and developed as such. Furthermore, far from being an obstacle to economic progress as is often said, social security organised on a firm and sound basis will promote progress, since once men and women benefit from increased security and are free from anxiety, will become more productive. There is considerable controversy about the social and economic effects of social security, and most of the current debate is focused on its supposedly negative effects. Social Security is said to discourage people from working and saving to reduce international competitiveness and employment creation, and to encourage people to withdraw from the labour market prematurely. On the other hand, social security can also be seen to have a number of very positive economic effects. It can help to make people capable of earning an income and to increase their productive potential; it may help to maintain effective demand at the national level; and it may help create conditions, in which a market economy can flourish, notably by encouraging workers to accept innovation and change. Social security measures are generally income, maintenance measures intended to provide a minimum living to the people when they are deprived of the same due to invalidity, unemployment or old age. The two basic elements of social security are provision of a ‘minimum living to those who are deprived of the same and ‘selective redistribution of income’ to a target group to reduce inequalities. Thus Social security is an instrument for social transformation and good governance. According to the ILO- World Labour Report-2000, the total security expenditure in India as percentage of GDP in 1996 was 1.8 whereas for the corresponding period the Social Security expenditure in Sri Lanka was 4.7, Malaysia 2.9 and China 3.6. In Argentina, the social security expenditure for the same period as a percentage of GDP reached the level of 12.4 and in case of Brazil 12.2. In comparison to Argentina and Brazil, the expenditure on social security in India is much less. The expenditure on social security cannot be directly related alone to the economic development. Intervention of the State would be essential and a co-relationship may have to be established for faster economic d evelopment. Social Security in India was traditionally the responsibility of the family/community in general. With the gradual process of industrialization/urbanization, breakup of the joint family set up and weakening of family bondage, the need for institutionalized and State-cum-society regulated social security arrangement to address the problem in a planned manner in wider social/economic interest at national level has been felt necessary. Currently, on-going measures towards transformation process for trade and industry, increasing role of market forces and increase in longevity, in general world over has added a new dimension to the issue and enhanced the requirement further towards a planned and regulated institutionalized measure in the form of social security in its common understanding. Social Security in Organised Sector in India The social security schemes in India cover only a very small segment of the organised work force, which may be defined as workers who are having a direct regular employer-employee relationship within an organization. Out of an estimated work force of about 397 million, only 28 million are having the benefit of formal social security protection. The Social Security Laws in India at present can be broadly divided into two categories, namely, the contributory and the non-contributory. The contributory laws are those which provide for financing of the social security programmes by contributions paid by workers and employers and in some cases supplemented by contributions/grants from the Government. The important contributory schemes include the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 and the Provident Fund, Pension and Deposit Linked Insurance Schemes framed under the Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1948. The three major non-contributory laws are the Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923, the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 and the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972. Social Security in Unorganised Sector in India. As already mentioned, the coverage under Social Security is about 10% of the working population mostly in the organised sector. The vast majority of the workforce is in the unorganised sector, which includes agricultural labour, cultivators, small traders and hawkers, artisans and other self-employed persons, porters, auto-rickshaw drivers and other transport workers etc. Bringing them under formal social security coverage has been found difficult due to the following reasons: a) Seasonal and intermittent nature of work, leading to difficulties in meeting the qualifying conditions. b) Low level and irregular pattern of earnings and employment; c) Absence of employer-employee relationship leading to difficulties in determining the principal employer and in assessing and recovering contributions. d) Relatively weak administrative structure, particularly in rural areas. Under the Employees State Insurance Scheme and Employees’ Provident Fund Scheme a very small segment of workers in the unorganized sector are covered. The huge gap in coverage in the unorganized sector requires for a fresh strategy to extend coverage of both the schemes to the unorganized sector. The unorganised workforce is characterised by scattered and fragmented areas of employment, seasonality of employment, lack of job security, low legislative protection because of their scattered and dispersed nature, lack of awareness and high unemployment levels, perceived mis-match between the training requirements and the training facilities available, low literacy levels, outmoded social customs like child marriage, excessive spending on ceremonial festivities leading to indebtedness and bondage, etc., primitive production technologies and feudal production relations are further impediments not facilitating these workers to imbibe and assimilate higher technologies and better production relations. The unorganised Labour can be categorised broadly into four categories as follows:- a) Occupation : Small and marginal farmers, landless agricultural labourers, share croppers, fishermen, those engaged in animal husbandry, in beedi rolling beedi labelling and beedi packing workers in building and construction, etc. b) Nature of Employment: Attached agricultural labourers, bonded labourers migrant workers, contract and casual labourers come under this category. c) Specially distressed categories: Toddy tappers, scavengers, carriers of head loads, drivers of animal driven vehicles, loaders and unloaders belong to this category. e) Service categories: Midwives, domestic workers, fishermen and women, barbers, vegetable and fruit vendors, newspaper vendors etc. come under this category. The unorganised nature of the workforce, dispersed nature of operational processes and lack of institutional back up reduces their bargaining power and their ability to take full benefits from the Acts and legislations enacted for their benefits. Further, low skill levels of this workforce provides little scope for them to move vertically in the occupational ladder to improve their financial situation. The growth of informal, unprotected work with shrinking formal employment compels the workers to bear an increasing direct burden of financing social needs, with adverse effects on their quality of life. That burden may also undermine the capacity of enterprises to compete with global economy.